HILLKIIN 



HIMALAYA 



715 



service as municipal music-director in 

 (1S47 .W), lie proceeded to Cologne, where he filled 

 a similar pnM until his death, 10th May 1886. 

 Amongst nearly '2(H> mu*ieal works which M pull 

 lished only a small numlier have retained their 

 fating, llut as a writer on musical subject* 

 Miller .-laims a higher place. Mis l?rtn<>ii/<-ii zum 

 Xtm/iitiii i/i r Hnnnimie und dfs h'onfrn/iii/ikte* 

 (I'Jili fil. Issii) is extensively used; and then- is 

 IMIK-II valuable criiiriMu iii Aits dem Tonleben 

 11111,-f-r /.'it i isiis 7) ), monographs on Beethoven 

 <IH7I) am I M.'ii.l.'lssolin (1874; '2d ed. IM7S), 

 J///.v//v///W,.:v ////// /'. v.s- ml it-he.* ( I S~6 ), llrif.ff.un 

 f 'ni/. mi, inf>- (IS77t, Kiinxtlerleben (IS80), and 

 Kniiii'TH-i'tsliliitter ( 1884). 



Ilillcrn. NVn.HKLMlNK. Sco BlRCR-PnirraL 

 Hill-forts, the refuses and strongholds of the 

 early inhabitants, exist in every country of Europe. 

 Their range in time extends from the early pre- 

 historic through the early historic periods of the 

 racial areas in which they are found. They have 

 no more definite form than that of a prevailing but 

 irregular circularity. The site selected is usually 

 enclosed and fortified with due regard to its special- 

 ties of situation and defensibility. Sometimes the 

 fort instead of occupying the whole hill-top may 

 occupy only the most defensible part of it. In 

 other cases the whole eminence may be surrounded 

 by defensive constructions completely encircling 

 and protecting its upper portion. Occasionally 

 these forts, though situated among the hills, are 

 planted in the lower ground, commanding an ex- 

 tent of meadow-land or pasture. With regard to 

 their construction, the hill-forts are usually either 

 earthworks or stoneworks, rarely a mixture of both. 

 In France the Gaulish forts of the pre- Roman 

 period were often such extensive works as to be 

 termed oppida by the invading Romans. Though 

 built of dry-stone masonry, the parts of the walls 

 most exposed to attack were bound together by 

 great logs of wood, placed both longitudinally and 

 transversely within the thickness of the rampart, 

 so as to resist as much as possible the assaults of 

 the battering-ram. The great dry-built stone 

 rampart of the prehistoric fort at Burghead, in 

 Elginshire, is similarly strengthened by logs of oak, 

 but it is the only example of this method of construc- 

 tion yet known in Scotland, where hill-forts are 

 perhaps more numerous than in any other European 

 country. They are generally called 'duns' (see 

 DUN ) in the northern and ' camps ' in the southern 

 districts, where the older term survives in connec- 

 tion with a nuinlier of the principal forts, as Dum- 

 barton (Dun Bhreatan), Dundonald in Ayrshire, 

 and Dunpelder in Lothian, not to mention Dun 

 Edin as the old name of Edinburgh. Among the 

 most remarkable of the hill-forts of Scotland may 

 be mentioned those of the two Caterthuns in For- 

 farshire one a good example of the fort with 

 earthen rampart, and the other with walls of dry 

 ftone the Tap o" Noth, and the twin-summits of 

 Benachie, each with its massive fortifications of 

 stone, in Aberdeenshire, the remarkable stone fort 

 of Dun Tuathal on Drummond Hill, overlooking 

 the junction of the waters of the Lvon and the 

 Tay, and one equally remarkable, called Dun-da- 

 lainli, in a similar situation in Laggan on the Spey, 

 Inverness-shire. 



Many of the dry-stone forts in Scotland present 

 the peculiar feature of a partial vitrifaction of the 

 materials of their walls. The same thing has lieen 

 observed in connection with similar forts in Ireland, 

 France, and Hungary. The attempt to account 

 for the existence of tliis peculiarity has given rise 

 to much speculation and controversy. But it seems 

 to be clearly established that the so-called vitrified 

 forts do not differ from the other dry-stone forts, 

 if the vitrifaction be not regarded as a process of 



1-1 HI -truction. No relevant and conclusive evidence 

 MM t his point ha* been obtained from examination of 

 the HtructureB themselves ; and against the argu 

 mi-lit , in support of the view that the vitrifu<-tii>n 

 was intended ax a cementing procewt we have to 

 put the facto (1) that no fort w wholly vitrified ; 

 (2) that where vitrifaction exist* it occur* in 

 patches, affecting sometimes a portion only of the 

 thickness of the wall ; and (3) that when it occure 

 on the exterior surface of the wall the upper parU 

 are sometimes found partially vitrified, hut with 

 no trace of vitrifaction on the portions underneath. 

 Among the best known of the so-called vitrified 

 forts in Scotland are the Tap o' Noth in Aberdeen- 

 shire, Craig Phadric and Dunbhairdgall in Inver- 

 ness-shire, Knockfarril in Ross-shire, Dun Mac 

 Uisneachan in Argyllshire, and Finhaven in For- 

 farshire. In Wales stone forts are most numerous, 

 while in England earthwork** predominate. The 

 earthen forts of Sussex explorea by Colonel Lane 

 Fox are sometimes of considerable magnitude, that 

 Of Cissbury, for instance, enclosing a space of HO 

 acres. They are, as a rule, of prehistoric origin. 

 Some of the stone forts of Ireland, especially those 

 of the Aran Isles, are of great magnitude and well 

 preserved. Photographic views of them are given 

 in Lord Dunraven's book on Early Irish Archi- 

 tecture. 



Consult also Dr Christison's ' Prehistoric Forts of Peebles- 

 shire,' and ' The Duns and Forts of Lome ' in the Pro- 

 ceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland ( vols. 

 xxi. and xxiii.); ' Memoires sur les Ouvrages de Fortifi- 

 cations Gauloises,' &<x in the Compte Rendu du Confiret 

 ArchcEoloflique de France, at Toulouse in 1874 ( p. 427 ) ; 

 'Les Camps Barbaras fortifies en Hongrie,' by F. F. 

 Homer, in the Compte Rendu of the Congress of Pre- 

 historic Archaeology held at Budapest in 1876 ( vol. ii. p. 

 68) ; and ' Helvetische Denkmaler,' by Dr F. Keller, in 

 Mittheilungen der Antiquarischen Geselltchaft in Zurich. 

 (voL xvi. ). 



Hill Mustard. See BUNIAS. 



Hilo. the chief town of Hawaii island, on a spa- 

 cious and secure bay of the east coast. It exports 

 sugar, molasses, &c. , and is second in importance to 

 Honolulu alone. Pop. of the district ( 1900 ), 19,785. 



Hilvcrsuin, a village in North Holland, 18 

 miles by rail SE. from Amsterdam, manufactures 

 woollens and carpets. Pop. ( 1890) 12,978. 



Himalaya ( properly Hima'layn ; from two 

 Sanskrit words meaning 'snow-above') is, strictly 

 speaking, the southern escarpment of the Central- 

 Asian plateau in so far us it falls between the Indus 

 and the Brahmaputra, i.e., between 73 and 93 E. 

 long. , a distance of some 1500 miles. The Hima- 

 layas are not a single range, but a system of ranges 

 (mostly parallel ) lying obliquely to the general 

 direction of the system. They front the plain of 

 the Ganges in northern India like a stupendous 

 mountain wall, bending back in the west like a 

 scimitar, the sharp edge turned next India. On 

 the east the system is connected with the mountain- 

 ranges of south-west China and northern Burma 

 and Siam. On the north it is backed by the lofty 

 plateau of Tibet, which ranges in elevation from 

 10,000 to 17,000 feet. The north-western extremity 

 runs up into the 1'amir plateau, whence the Hindu- 

 Rush and Kuen-Lun Mountains also radiate. The 

 southern part of the system rests njwn the plain of 

 the Ganges, which nowhere rises over 1000 feet 

 above sea-level. The Tarai, a belt of swampy 

 grass-land, from 10 to 15 miles wide, skirts the edge 

 of the outermost hills, extending west to where the 

 Ganges breaks through from the mountains ; it is 

 traversed by numerous sluggish streams, which in 

 many places overflow and form standing swamp*. 

 fringed with gigantic reed-. The quantities of 

 stagnant water and of rank vegetation render these 

 districts . \tiemelyunhealthy; many parts reek with 



