1IIMKK A 



HIND 



717 



have been ascertained to exist. But gold, iron, 

 copper, and lead are the mil v minerals extracted. 

 <;<l(l is largely mined in Tibet; copper and iron 

 ore are workedin Kuinaon and Garwhal. 



In the lower, hotter, and moister parts of the 

 Himalayas, chiefly towards the east, the flora is 

 closely related to that of the Malay Peninsula and 

 is hinds. Farther west, as the drier, colder parts 

 ;uv approached, it approximates to the European 

 flora. On the lower ranges the chief vegetative 

 forms an- sals, sissus, bamboos, palms, acacias, 

 rhododendrons, ferns, orchids, &c. in the east, 

 and oaks, pines, spruces, firs, cedars, deodars, and 

 others in the west. On the highest ranges the 

 principal trees are conifers and poplars, with a 

 great variety of alpine plants. The European 

 beech does not grow on the Himalayas. Cultiva- 

 tion does not ascend higher than 7000 feet, except 

 in a few of the warmer valleys. The plants of 

 greatest commercial importance cultivates on the 

 Himalayan slopes are tea and cinchona. In respect 

 of its fauna this region is one of the richest in the 

 world, particularly in birds. Among the more 

 remarkable animals may be mentioned bears, wild 

 cats, leopards, tigers, sun-bears, cat-bears, yaks, 

 musk-deer, wild goats, wild sheep, wild dogs, fly- 

 ing squirrels, the bamboo-rat, and water-shrews. 

 Insects are almost as numerous as birds. 



Within Indian territory most of the inhabitants 

 of these mountains are Hindus. The Tibetan 

 portions are occupied by peoples of Turanian stock. 

 No statement can be given of the total number of 

 these mountaineers ; many of them live in remote 

 valleys, and are almost unknown, whilst many 

 others dwell outside the limits of the British 

 dominions. In Hindu mythology these majestic 

 mountains are invested with great sanctity. 

 Thousands of pilgrims travel year after year to 

 the holy sources of the Ganges. The temples they 

 visit stand beside the glaciers from wnich the 

 river emerges, at Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badri- 

 nath. Other temples, scarcely less sacred, stand 

 beside the source of the Jumna at Jamnotri. 



See Medlicott and Blanford, Manual of the Geology of 

 India (3 vols. Calcutta, 1879); J. D. Hooker, Hima- 

 layan Journals (2 vols. Loud. 1854) ; the works of B. 

 II. Hodgson; Uodwin-Austi'ii, inJnurii. Ax. Sue. Jittii/u/ 

 (1867-75) and Proc. Roy. Geoff. Soc. (1883 and 1884); 

 W. W. Graham, in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. (1884); 

 Clements Markham, Bor/le in Thibet and Manning in 

 Lhasa ( 1876 ) ; T. Saunders, in Geog. Mag. ( 1877 ) ; Sir H. 

 Strachey, in Roy. Geog. Soc. Journ. ( voL xxiii.) ; Memoirs 

 of Geological Survey of India ; A. Wilson, A bode of Snow 

 ( 1875) ; Strachey, The Himalaya (1890) ; and Sir W. M. 

 Conway, Climbing in the Karakorum Himalayas (1894). 



II im <T;I. an ancient city on the north coast of 

 Sicily, east of Panormus ( Palermo ), and near the 

 mouth of the river Himera, was a Greek colony 

 established 649 A.D., and destroyed in 409 by the 

 Carthaginians, who afterwards built Thermae ( mod. 

 Termini) across the river. Stesichonis was a native 

 of Himera, Agathocles of Thermae. 



Himilco. See CARTHAGE. 



Hilliyaritic, a name formerly in use for the 

 language of the ancient Sabaean inscriptions in the 

 south-west of Arabia. See ARABIAN LANGUAGE, 

 SABjEANS,and(underSemites)SEMlTlcLANGUAGES. 



II inrklry. an ancient town of Leicestershire, 

 and partly also of Warwickshire, 13 miles SSW. 

 of Leicester. Ite parish church, with a beautiful 

 oak roof, is supposed to have been erected dur- 

 ing the reign of Edward III. Hinckley has manu- 

 factures of cotton hosiery and of boots and shoes. 

 It stands on the old Wailing Street. Pop. (1851) 

 6111; (1881)7673; (1891)9638. 



Hincinar, a celebrated churchman of the 9th 

 century, of the family of the Counts of Toulouse, 



WM born in 806. He waft educated in the 

 tery of St Denis ; wan named abbot of the abbeys 

 of Compiegne and St Germain ; and in K4. r > wan 

 elected Archbishop of HheiniH. ItothaditiH, I'.i-lioji 

 of SoisHons, and suffragan of Hincinar, deposed a 

 priest of his diocese, who appealed to Hiiicmar, 

 as metropolitan, and was ordered by him to be 

 restored to office. KothadhiH, resisting thix order, 

 and having l>een in consequence excommunicated 

 by the archbishop, appealed to the pope, Nicholas 

 I., in 862, who at once ordered Hincinar to restore 

 Kothadius, or to ap|ear at Koine to vindicate the 

 sentence. Ultimately Nicholas annulled the sen- 

 tence. Hincmar, after some demur, was forced to 

 acquiesce, and Rothadius was restored to his see. 

 Hincinar wrote much against the strong predea- 

 tinarian views of the monk Gottechalk, whom he 

 united with others in degrading and imprisoning. 

 Gottschalk died in prison after eighteen years' con- 

 finement. 



The conduct of Hincmar is also historically in- 

 teresting in relation to the temporal power of the 

 medieval papacy. Under Adrian II. a question 

 arose as to the succession to the sovereignty of 

 Lorraine on the death of King Lothaire, the 

 pope favouring the pretensions of the Emperor 

 Lewis in opposition to those of Charles the 

 Bold of France. To the mandate which Adrian 

 addressed to the subjects of Charles and to the 

 nobles of Lorraine, accompanied by a menace of 

 the censures of the church, Hincinar offered a 

 firm and persistent opposition. He was equally 

 firm in resisting the undue extension of the royal 

 prerogative in ecclesiastical affairs. When the 

 Emperor Lewis III. sought to obtrude an unworthy 

 favourite upon the see of Beauvais, Hincmar boldly 

 remonstrated, and fearlessly denounced the un- 

 justifiable usurpation. Hincmar died in the year 

 882. 



His works were collected by the Jesuit Sirmond (1645), 

 and are to be found in Migne's Cursus Pair. CompL 

 His Annales Bertiniani, from 861 to 882, are in vol. i. of 

 Pertz's Monumenta. See Prichard, Life and Times of 

 Hincmar (1849), and German works by Noorden (1862), 

 Sdralek (1881), and Schrors (1884). 



Hi lid. the female of the Stag (q.v.) or Red Deer. 

 The term is also sometimes applied to the female of 

 some other deer though never to any other British 

 or European species and is sometimes even ex- 

 tended to female antelopes. 



Hind, JOHN RUSSELL, astronomer, was born at 

 Nottingham, May 12, 1823. At an early period he 

 became an enthusiast in the study of astronomy, 

 and in 1840 obtained, through the influence of Pro- 

 fessor Wheatstone, a situation in the Royal Obser- 

 vatory at Greenwich, where he remained till June 

 1844. Hind was then sent as one of the commission 

 appointed to determine the exact longitude of 

 Valentia, and on his return became the observer in 

 Mr Bishop's Observatory, Regent's Park, London. 

 Here he calculated the orbits and declination of 

 more than seventy planets and comets, noted a 

 number of new movable stars, and between 1847 

 and 1854 discovered ten minor planets (see Pi. \\ 

 ETOIDS). In 1851 Hind obtained from the Academy 

 of Sciences at Paris their Lalande medal, and was 

 elected a corresponding member ; in 1852 he ob- 

 tained the Astronomical Society of London's gold 

 medal, and a pension of 200 a year from the Brit i.-h 

 government ; in 1853 he undertook the editing of 

 the Nautical Almanac. Hind's scientific papers 

 were generally published in the Transactions of the 

 Astronomical Society, in the Comptes Itendus of 

 Paris, and theAstronom^scheXarhnr/itcn of Altona. 

 Amongst his works are Astronomical Vocabulary 

 (1852), The Comets (1852), The Solar System 

 (1852), Illustrated London Astronomy (1853), 

 Elements of Algebra ( 1855 ), and Descriptive Treatise 



