718 



HINDI 



HIP-JOINT 



on Comets ( 1857 ). For a time president of the Royal 

 Astronomical Society, he died 23d Decemher 1895. 

 Hindi, HINDUSTANI, HINDUISM. See INDIA. 

 II illdley. a town of Lancashire, 3 miles SE. of 

 Wigan by rail. There are numerous coal-works in 

 thevicinity ; and the cotton manufacture is largely 

 carried on. Pop. ( 1851 ) 5285 ; ( 1891 ) 18,973. 



Hindu Rush ( the ' Indian Caucasus ' of Alex- 

 ander the Great's historians) forms the westward 

 continuation of the Himalayan system, of which it 

 is sometimes reckoned a part, and from which it is 

 separated by the chasm through which the Indus 

 breaks its way to the plains. It strikes off from 

 the south-west angle of the Pamir plateau, and 

 extends westwards for 365 miles to the Bamian 

 valley in Afghanistan, separating that country on 

 the south from Turkestan on the north. Near its 

 point of origin several rivers take their birth ; the 

 Oxus goes off north-west through Turkestan, and 

 the Helmund south-west through Afghanistan. 

 The main range breaks into four subsidiary ridges, 

 and has a total width of about 200 miles. Unlike 

 the Himalayas, it sinks suddenly to the plains of 

 Turkestan on the north. It is crossed by several 

 passes, at an average elevation of 12,000 or 13,000 

 feet. From the Bamian valley the range is con- 

 tinued westwards as a low watershed elevation, 

 known as Koh-i-Baba. ( Koh-i-Baba is also the name 

 of a peak in the Hindu Rush.) The peak of Hindu 

 Koh, about 80 miles to the north of the city of 

 Kabul, is estimated to be more than 20,000 feet 

 above the sea. The highest point in the range that 

 has been yet measured exceeds 23,000 feet. The 

 Hanks of ' the mountains are mostly barren and 

 destitute of cultivation ; but minerals, especially 

 iron, occur in great abundance. The inhabitants 

 consist principally of Dards (see DARDISTAN) and 

 Shins, the latter the descendants of the original 

 colonists of the country. A loose kind of Moham- 

 medanism is the prevalent form of religion. See J. 

 Biddulph, Tribes of Hindu Kush (Calcutta, 1880). 

 Conway ascended Pioneer Peak, 23,000 feet, and 

 saw others higher than Everest. See HIMALAYAS. 



Hindustan. See INDIA. 



II i N ii oin. VALLEY OF. See GEHENNA. 



Ilinny. the hybrid produced between a horse 

 and a female ass. It is smaller than a mule, 

 but the 'body is more bulky in proportion to the legs, 

 and its strength is inferior. It is less valuable than 

 the mule, although it is more docile. The hinny 

 is rare. It was described by some of the earlier 

 naturalists as a hybrid between the ox and the 

 ass. 



Hinoiosa-del-Duque, a town of Spain, 45 



miles NNW. of Cordova, with some linen and 

 woollen manufactures. Pop. 9500. 



Minion. JAMES, aurist and metaphysician, 

 was born in 1822, son of a Baptist minister, studied 

 medicine at St Bartholomew s Hospital, and, after 

 much travel, settled about 1850 to a London prac- 

 tice, ultimately becoming a specialist in aural 

 surgery. From 1862 till 1874 he was a lecturer 

 on this department at Guy's Hospital. He died 

 16th December 1875. In his lifetime he published 

 Man aiid his Dwelling-place ( 1859), Life in Nature 

 (1862), and the Mystery of Pain (1865) ; and after 

 his death appeared, with other works, Philosophy 

 and Religion (1881) and The Law-breaker and 

 Coming of the Law (1884). These books contair 

 striking and suggestive things enough, but theii 

 author evidently took himself too seriously as a 

 metaphysician, as has also been done by a hand 

 ful of disciples. See his Life and Litters, by 

 Ellice Hopkins (1878). 



Hiogo. See HYOGO. 



Hip. See ROSE. 



Hip-joint is a ball-and-socket joint formed by 

 e reception of the globular head of the thigh- 

 >one (or femur) into the deep pit or cup in the 

 js innominatum, which is known as the acetabulum. 

 f the variety of the movements of this joint viz. 

 lexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rota- 

 ion inwards and outwards, and at the same time its 

 rreat strength are considered, it may well claim to be 

 egarded as the most perfect joint in the whole body. 

 The reader will form a tolerably clear conception 

 of the relative forms of the acetabulum and the 

 lead of the thigh-bone from a glance at the figure, 

 in which the surrounding parts are cut away, and 



Hip-joint : 



1, 2, 3, pelvic ligaments; 4, 5, the greater and lesser sacro- 

 ischiatic foramina; 6, the cotyloid ligament; 7, the round 

 ligament ; 8, the cut edge of the lower part of the capsular 

 ligament. 



the thigh-bone is drawn out of its socket. The 

 ligaments are usually described as five in number 

 the capsular ( consisting of circular and longitudinal 

 fibres, of which the most important are the ilio- 

 femoral or Y-shaped band ), teres or round, cotyloid, 

 and transverse ligaments. Of these the capsular 

 ligament, supposed to be removed in the figure, 

 is the most important, and extends from the edge 

 of the cup to the circumference of the neck upon 

 which the ball is carried, enclosing the bony parts 

 in a strong sheath. The great use of the capsular 

 ligament is to limit the extension of the hip-joint, 

 and thus to give steadiness to the erect posture. 

 The teres or round ligament is in reality triangular 

 rather than round, and has its apex attached to- 

 the head of the thigh-bone. The joint is much 

 strengthened by a large number of surrounding 

 muscles, some of which are of considerable power. 

 The experiments of Weber show that atmospheric 

 pressure is the real power by which the head of 

 the femur is retained in the acetabulum when the 

 muscles are at rest. 



DISEASE OF THE HIP-JOINT. Hip-disease differs 

 in many points of importance from other joint- 

 diseases. Its connection with scrofula is more 

 distinctly marked than that of most other joint- 

 diseases, and it almost always occurs before the 

 age of puberty. It comes on, 'in children or young 

 persons of a scrofulous constitution, from very 

 slight causes; thus, it is often traced to over- 

 exertion in a long walk, a sprain in jumping, or a 

 fall ; and in many cases no apparent cause can be 

 assigned. In the early stage of the disease the 

 whole of the structures of the joint are inflamed, 

 and by proper treatment at this period the morbid 

 action may be sometimes subdued without any 

 worse consequences than a more or less rigid joint. 

 Usually, however, abscesses form around the joint, 

 and often communicate with its interior ; and the 



