HIRING 



hundred species, all restricted to the Chalk and 

 Chalk-marl 



Hiring. Tin- contract of hiring, called in the 

 law of Kngland bailment for hire, and in that of 

 Scotland location, i of two kinds --the Idling of 

 tiling, as where household furniture it* let to be 

 uwxl in the ordinary way ; and the hiring of work, 

 a.- where a tailor'H lalnmr in hired to make a nuit 

 of doth.--.. In hiring of the first kind, hiring of 

 tilings, it is the duty of the person letting out the 

 thin-: to deliver it to the hirer, to refrain from in- 

 terfering with the hirer's use of the thing during the 

 subsistence of the contract, to do nothing to deprive 

 the hirer of the use, to warrant that the thing hired 

 i- tit for the use for which it is let, and to keep the 

 tiling free from faults and defects inconsistent with 

 the proper use of it, and in suitable order and 

 repair. The hirer acquires no right of property in 

 the thing hired, but acquires its possession and the 

 exclusive right to its use for the period of the 

 agreement. He has to use the thing well and with 

 care, not to put it to any other use than that for 

 which it is let, to restore it at the expiry of the 

 time agreed on, and to pay the stipulated hire. 

 The contract of hiring is 'a different agreement from 

 those made under what is known to traders as the 

 ' hire-purchase ' system, as where a piano is handed 

 over by its owners to a purchaser under the condi- 

 tions that a certain sum shall be paid periodically 

 as hire, and that after a certain number of such 

 periodical payments have been made the piano 

 shall liecome the property of the person making the 

 payment. No such contract as one of ' hire-pur- 

 chase ' is recognised by law ; and in the cases which 

 have come before the courts under this system the 

 question always is whether the contract, whatever 

 it may lie called by the parties, is legally a contract 

 of hiring or a contract of sale. The answer will 

 depend upon the particular terms of each agree- 

 ment. These, however, are usually so framed as 

 to make the contract, not one of hiring, but one of 

 sale with a suspensive condition that the thing de- 

 livered shall not become the property of the person 

 to whom it is sold until he has paid the full number 

 of periodical payments bargained for. These pay- 

 ments, though they may be called hire by the 

 parties to such an "agreement, are legally only so 

 many instalments of the price of a thing sold. A 

 piano or other article delivered under such an agree- 

 ment does not become the property of the holder 

 until all these instalments are paid ; and it cannot 

 be attached by the creditors of the holder as an 

 asset in his estate. Nor can it be lawfully sold by 

 the holder. It remains the property of the person 

 letting it out, and he can recover it even from one 

 who has purchased it in good faith from the person 

 by whom it was hired. Hiring of the second kind 

 above mentioned, hiring of work, may be subdivided 

 into () the hire of services, as where a shoemaker 

 is employed to mend shoes ; (b) the hiring of care 

 in custody, as where warehousemen or wharfingers 

 are employed to store things; and (e) the hiring 

 of the carnage of goods. In cases of the first kind 

 the workman is bound to do the work agreed on, to 

 do it at the time agreed on, to do it well, and to 

 use an appropriate degree of care in performing the 

 particular task. Employees in the last two classes 

 are bound to take ordinary care of the goods 

 entrusted to them, and are responsible for damage 

 done by their negligence. See also LANDLORD 

 AND TENANT, INN, MASTER AND SERVANT, 

 CARRIERS, &c. 



Hirschberg* a manufacturing town of Prussian 

 Silesia, is romantically situated at the influx of the 

 Zacken to the Bober, 1116 feet above sea-level, 

 and 78 miles WSW. of Breslau by rail. It is the 

 centre of the extensive textile, lace, paper, anc 



HIT 



723 



other manufactures of the district. Pop. (1875) 

 12,970; (1885) 15,622; (1800) 16,214. 



Ilispanin. See SPAIN. 



Ilispanio la (' Little Spain'). See DOMINICAN 



l!l If Kl.ir and llAYTI. 



Ilissar, a province of Bokhara, from which it i* 

 separated by a southern offcet of the we*t< ni 

 prolongation of the Thian Shan Mountains. Thi* 

 range forniH its northern boundary. The country 

 nudists of a series of valleys, radiating from thin 

 mountainous background, and lying open on tin- 

 south, traversed by streams which Saw in general 

 south or south-west to join the Oxusor A run -l):nia. 

 The soil is fertile, and yields wheat, flax, cotton, i ice, 

 and garden fruits. Copper and rock-salt abound. 

 The inhabitants (number not exactly known) are 

 chiefly Usbegs and Tajiks. They export corn, 

 salt, flax, and sheep to Bokhara. The main route 

 from India to Bokhara passes through the province ; 

 and Hinsar has its chief access with Bokhara, 230 

 miles to the north-west, through a celebrated pass 

 called Kohluga or the Iron Gate. The province 

 was annexed by the emir of Bokhara in 18C9. The 

 capital is the town of Hissar, with 15,000 inhabit- 

 ants, on the Kafirnihan River. Its people are 

 noted sword-makers. 



ssar, the capital of a district of that name in 

 the Punjab, on the Western Jumna Canal, 102 

 miles W. of Delhi. Pop. 14,167. The district 

 of Hissar, lying on the western verge of the 

 Bikanir desert, has an area of 5163 sq. m., and 

 its soil, when watered, is fertile and produces rice, 

 millet, barley, grain, wheat, &c. ; but it is mainly 

 a sandy plain, very liable to suffer from drought in 

 dry years. Pop. ('1891 ) 776,006. 



Ilissarlik. See TROY. 



Histology (derived from the Greek words 

 htstos, 'a web or texture,' and logos, ' a discourse ' ) 

 is the science which classifies and describes the 

 structural or morphological elements which exist 

 in the solids and fluids of organised bodies. It is 

 identical or nearly so with general minute anatomy 

 and with microscopic anatomy. Although its origin 

 may be traced to the times of Malpighi (1628-94), who 

 discovered the blood-corpuscles, and of Leeuwen- 

 hoek (1632-1723), who, with comparatively imper- 

 fect optical means, added much to our knowledge of 

 the minute structure of the tissues, it never made 

 any definite progress till the second decennium of 

 the 19th century, when the compound microscope 

 began to assume its present improved form. It was 

 by means of this microscopico-cnemical examination 

 that the structure of the different horny tissues was 

 first clearly exhibited, and it was thus proved that 

 nails, cow's horn, and whalebone are aggregations 

 of individual cells. Portions of the subject are 

 dealt with in our articles on BONE, BRAIN, CIR- 

 CULATION, DIGESTION, GLAND, MUSCLE, NERVOUS 

 SYSTEM, &c. ; and see ANATOMY. For Vegetable 

 Histology, see VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, BAST, 

 LEAF, TISSUES, WOOD, &c. 



In Germany animal histology has been cultivated 

 by Schwann, Henle, Valentin, Remak, Kblliker, 

 Virchow, Leydig, Frey, and a host of others 

 scarcely less distinguished ; in Holland it has 

 been actively prosecuted by Donders, Harting, and 

 others; Lebert, Mandl, Robin, and others have 

 contributed to the French literature of the subject ; 

 while in Britain the names of Todd and Bowman, 

 of Goodsir, Quekett, Bennett, Sharpey, Clarke, 

 Wharton Jones, Beale, and Huxley deserve honour- 

 able notice. 



Hit (anc. /*), a town of Turkey in Asia, on the 

 Euphrates, 85 miles WNW. of Bagdad, has pit* of 

 bitumen, which have been worked from time im 

 memorial, and naphtha-springs. Pop. about 2500. 



