730 



HODOMETER 



HOFFMANN 



light, every star describes a projection of the hodo- 

 graph of the earth's motion in its orbit i.e. the 

 projection of a circle. The properties of the hodo- 



fraph are treated in all modern treatises on the 

 ynamics or kinematics of a particle. 

 Hodometer. See PEDOMETER. 

 Hudson. MAJOR WILLIAM STEPHEN RAIKES, 

 English soldier, usually known as Hodson of Hod- 

 son's Horse, was born at Maisemore Court, near 

 Gloucester, on 19th March 1821. Choosing the life 

 of a soldier, he joined the Indian army in 1845, and 

 immediately got his first experience of warfare in 

 the battles or the first Sikh war. In 1847 he was 

 appointed second in command of the Punjab corps 

 of Guides, a body of irregular native troops raised 

 for the protection of the north-west frontiers of 

 India against the marauding hill-tribes. From 

 1849 to 1852 Hodson was employed in the work 

 of civil government in the Punjab. Then, being 

 made commandant of the Guides corps, he did 

 excellent service on the turbulent frontier. But in 

 1856 he was deprived of his command on account of 

 irregularities in the regimental accounts and of his 

 unjust treatment of the troops and natives under 

 his authority. In the crisis of the Mutiny, however, 

 he was appointed head of the intelligence depart- 

 ment in the army engaged before Delhi, and was 

 commissioned to raise a new regiment of irregular 

 cavalry, which became known as Hodson's Horse. 

 With this body of men Hodson took part in the 

 siege of Delhi and in the subsequent operations 

 down to the siege of Lucknow. After the fall of 

 Delhi Hodson discovered the Mogul sovereign and 

 his sons ; these last he shot dead with his own 

 hand at the time of capture. He himself was shot 

 on llth March 1858, during the assault on a royal 

 palace in Lucknow, and died on the following day. 

 As a leader of irregular native soldiery, Hodson 

 won unqualified praise for his boldness and skill ; 

 his wild troopers were warmly attached to him. 

 But he seems to have been of an imperious temper, 

 which sometimes led him to commit acts of violence 

 and injustice. In money matters he was certainly 

 irregular ; and he has been accused of ' looting ' in 

 war. 



See Rev. G. Hodson's Hodson of Hodson's Horse (4th 

 ed. 1883); and compare R. Bos worth Smith's Life of 

 Lord Lawrence ( especially appendix to vol. ii. ; 6th ed. 

 1885), and T. R. E. Holmes's Four Famous Soldiers 

 (1889), though none of the three is absolutely satisfactory 

 in his estimate of Hodson's character. 



Hoeven, JAN VAN DER, Dutch naturalist, was 

 born on 9th February 1801, at Rotterdam. After 

 studying medicine at Leyden, and zoology at Paris, 

 he established himself as a physician in his native 

 town ; and in 1835 he was elected to the professor- 

 ship of Zoology at Leyden. He died on 10th March 

 1868. His most important work is Handboek der 

 Dierkunde (1827-33), of which a second edition, 

 entirely recast, appeared in 1846, and an English 

 translation by Clark, with important additions by 

 the author and the editor, in 1856-58. Most of his 

 other works are memoirs. His brother, CORNELIS 

 PRUYS VAN DER HOEVEN (1792-1871), was pro- 

 fessor of Medicine in the university of Leyden 

 ( 1824-71 ), and the author of De Historia Medicince 

 (1842), De Historia Morborum (1846), and other 

 important works on pathology and the history of 

 medicine. 



Hof, a town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 30 miles 

 NE. of Baireuth, has extensive manufactures of 

 ironwares, cottons, and woollens ; cloth has been 

 made here since the 15th century. There is a 

 hospital, founded in 1262. Hof, almost entirely 

 rebuilt since its destruction by fire in 1823, is 

 closely associated with Jean Paul's earlier years. 

 Pop. (1875) 18,267; (1885)21,890; (1890)24,455. 



Hofer, ANDREAS, the patriot leader of the 

 Tyrolese in 1809, was born at St Leonhard, in the 

 valley of Passeier, on 22d November 1767. For a 

 century and a half his forefathers had been land- 

 lords of the inn ' Am Sand.' Although little higher 

 in the social scale than a peasant, his force of 

 character was such that, when in 1809 he sum- 

 moned the people of the Tyrolese valleys to arms 

 to drive out the French and the Bavarians, they 

 responded with alacrity and enthusiasm, eager to 

 show their love for their emperor and the holy 

 church. In seven weeks he twice defeated the 

 Bavarians, twice expelled them from Innsbruck, 

 and finally swept them clean out of Tyrol. As the 

 armistice concluded between Austria and France 

 after the battle of Wagram left Tyrol and Vorarl- 

 berg out in the cold, the French again inundated 

 their valleys with some 40,000 men. But again 

 Hofer in eight days routed the foe and retook 

 Innsbruck. For the next two months Hofer was 

 the actual military governor and civil ruler of his 

 native land. By the peace of Vienna (October 14) 

 the emperor of Austria again left Tyrol and Vorarl- 

 berg at the mercy of his enemies. Hofer, after some 

 hesitation as to the wisdom of submission, once 

 more took up arms ; but this time the French and 

 Bavarians were too strong for him. They steadily 

 subdued one valley after another ; and Hofer, 

 seeing that the struggle was hopeless, disbanded 

 his followers and took refuge in the mountains in 

 the end of November 1809. But two months later 

 his hiding-place was betrayed to the French, and 

 Hofer was captured on 27th January, carried to 

 Mantua, tried by court-martial, and shot on 20th 

 February 1810. 'The 'Sandwirth ' or 'landlord of 

 the Sand ' still lives in the memory of his people, 

 and is the hero of many patriotic ballads. His 

 statue, by Schaller, stands in Innsbruck. 



See Hormayr, Das Land Tirol ( 1845 ) ; Egger, Oe- 

 schichte Tirols, vol. iii. (1880); and memoirs by Weidinger 

 (3d ed. 1861), Heigel (1874), and Stampf er ( 1874 ). 



Hoffmann, AUGUST HEINRICH, commonly 

 called HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN, poet and 

 philologist, was born 2d April 1798, at Fallersleben, 

 in the district of Liineburg. At Gottingen and Bonn 

 he occupied himself with philological and literary 

 studies, especially the study of his native language 

 and literature. From 1830 to 1838 he was keeper 

 of the university library of Breslau, and professor 

 of the German Language there from 1835. The 

 publication of his Unpolitische Lieder ( Unpolitical 

 Lays) in 1842 cost nim his professorship. For 

 some years he led a wandering life in Germany, 

 Switzerland, and Italy, until in 1860 he became 

 librarian to the Duke of Ratibor at the castle 

 of Korvei, on the Weser, where he died on 19th 

 January 1874. His principal philological and 

 antiquarian works are Horce Belgicce ( 1830-62 ), 

 Reineke Vos ( 1834), Geschichte des Deutschen Kirch- 

 enlieds ( 1832 ; 3d ed. 1861 ), collections of ancient 

 German Political (1843) and Social (1844) songs, 

 Spenden zur Deutschen Literaturgeschichte (1844), 

 Die Deutsche Philologie ( 1836 ), and Findlinge 

 ( 1859-60 ). Hoffmann's own poetry often approaches 

 good Volkslieder in its simplicity, tenderness, ami 

 playful banter ; and for these songs he produced 

 many admirable tunes. His political poetry con- 

 tributed to the preparation of the political fer- 

 mentation of 1848. The Gedichte appeared in 1834 

 (8th ed. 1875), and he published numerous collec- 

 tions of songs, as Allemannische Lieder, Soldaten- 

 lieder, Kinderlieder, &c. He wrote an autobio- 

 graphy in 6 vols. (Mein Leben, 1868-70). See 

 Wagner's Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1869-70), 

 and Gottschafl, Portrdts, vol. v. (1876). 



Hoffmann, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM, Ger- 

 man writer, musical composer and critic, and 



