HOLDKl; 



HnlJNSllKJJ 





II ii riot, Renfrewshire, his father having been a 

 < 'umi.ri l.ui'l farmer and lead-miner. While ft worker 

 in ft cotton-mill in I'aUley, he fitted himself for the 

 i assistant-teacher, first at Leeds, then 

 at Hoddenfleld, and latterly at Beading. Ki*liug 

 Hint and -ti-i-l inconvenient when be got "1; nl 



4 A.M. U> puisne hi* studies, lie liit on the idea 



<>f putting sulphur under explosive material, wWcli 



.-,>l\ed tli- problem i.f tin- lueifer match. Hie 

 principle In- expounded to his pupili at Beading 

 in IS-_".I, and through them it serins to have be- 

 ..Mm- known in London. Holden was not him 

 i ware that Incifcr matches had been made 

 nearly two years l>efore by John Walker, a chemist 

 >f Stockton-on-Tees, who sold them in April 1827 

 at one shilling and twopence a hox. While book- 

 keeper in a worsted-null at Bingley, Yorkshire 

 ( 1830-46), Holden became ambitious to in vent wool - 

 combing machinery. In 1846 with Mr Lister, who 

 hail niiu-h improved the system of wool-combing, he 

 started a mill at St Denis, Paris, and in 1850 his 

 .square motion machine .superseded the rude wool- 

 combing liy steel teeth. Lister retired, and the 

 Jinn became Isaac Holden & Sons in 1859, and the 

 ANtoii works near Bradford were founded. After 

 experiments costing about 50,000, Holden derived 

 both fame and fortune from his wool-combing ma- 

 chinery. He sat for Knaresborough 1865-08, for 

 the NI'.I -thwot Riding 18S-J-sr>, and for the Keighley 

 division of Yorkshire from 1885, and was made a 

 baronet in 1893. He enjoyed vigorous health till 

 near his death, 13th August 1897. 



HoldrriH'ss. the name of a parliamentary 

 division (including Beverley) and of a wapentake 

 in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Pop. of the 

 former, 41,298 ; of the latter, 25,000. 



Holding, the term in Scots law denoting the 

 manner in which heritable estate is holden, as does 

 Tenure (q.v. Jin English law. See also FEU, and 

 AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS ACT. 



Holgllill, a city of Cuba, 25i miles by rail SW. 

 by S. o? Gibara, its port, and 63 miles NNW. of 

 Santiago de Cuba. Pop. ( 1899 ) 6045. In the vicin- 

 ity is a noted cave. 



Holibut. See HALIBUT. 



Holiday* in Law, means Sunday, Christmas- 

 day, Good Friday, and any other day appointed for 

 a public festival or fast. In Catholic times holidays 

 were numerous ; but modem legislation and custom 

 have considerably reduced their number. Of late 

 \ears the importance of holidays to working people 

 has been recognised, and acts have been passed 

 increasing the number of bank holidays. A bill 

 of exchange falling due on a Sunday is payable 

 the day previous ; falling due on any of the bank 

 holidays, it is payable the day after. In Eng- 

 land the courts excuse a man for not giving notice 

 of dishonour of bills of exchange not only on 

 Sunday, Good Friday, and Christmas-day, but 

 also even on the festival days of his own reli- 

 gion ; and, though there has been no decision in 

 Scotland on the subject, the same rule would 

 no doubt be applied to fast-days prescribed by 

 different sects, and a notice sent on the day fol- 

 lowing would suffice. But as a, general rule, and 

 in all other respects, it may be laid down that 

 no sect, established or unestablished, nor any 

 court or public IKM!V, has any power whatever 

 +o declare a holiday which has any legal effect, 

 or which can bind the public or the lights of 

 third parties. Nothing but an act of parliament 

 has that effect, and not even a proclamation of the 

 crown would l>e sufficient. Hence it is that when 

 a solemn national fast is proclaimed, which is to 

 be put on the same footing as a Sunday, it requires 

 a special act of parliament to make it binding on 

 the public in matters of business. See BANK 

 255 



tiantical and jmpular holi- 



HOLIDAYS; and i.., ,-. 

 days, nee FESTIVALS. 



HolillMhed, RAPHAEL, an English chronicler, 

 !elonged to a good rhitihire family, and, according 

 to Wood, was educated at one of the nnivei>iti-, 

 and Itecame a minister of God'* word. He apjx-ars 

 also tu have been steward to Thomas Runlet of 

 llromcote, in Warwickshire, and died Iwtween 1580 

 and 1584. The work with which hi* name in con 

 nected 



is The Chronicle* of K in/lum/, Smllnn<l, nml 

 , published in two folio volumes in l.'iTT. 

 This edition, together with its predecessor, the 

 Chronicle of Hall, was the direct source from which 

 Shakespeare drew the materials for his English 

 historical plays. If we except the hiwtory of Knnj 

 John, which stands by itself, these form a regular 

 historical sequence of English kings from Richard 

 II. to Henry VIII., the reign of Henry VII. alone 

 omitted as unsuitable for dramatic representation. 

 And it is not a little interesting and significant that 

 these cover exactly the same period as Hall's 

 Chronicle a period full of great action and tragical 

 catastrophes profoundly touched with pathos. 



The first edition of Holinshed contained many 

 woodcuts which were omitted in the second edition 

 (3 vols. folio; usually bound in two, 1586-87), as 

 well as a number of passages cancelled by order of 

 the Privy-council as disagreeable to Queen Eliza- 

 l>eth. These castrations were published separately 

 in black letter like the original, by Dr Drake in 

 1723, and are inserted in their proj>er places in the 

 splendid edition of the Chronicle published in six 

 4to volumes (1807-8). This last edition has the 

 particular merit of an exceptionally full index. 



Holinshed was by no means the only writer of the 

 work which bears his name, and, indeed, its whole 

 history is not a little interesting. Early in the 

 reign of Elizabeth the queen's printer, Reginald 

 Wolfe, a German by birth, planned 'a Universal 

 Cosmographie of the whole world, and therewith 

 also certain particular histories of every known 

 nation,' and for the historical part of the work had 

 engaged Raphael Holinshed among other men. 

 When the gigantic work was nearly completed 

 Wolfe died, after twenty-five years' labour at his 

 scheme. Those who were to bear the cost of print- 

 ing the whole now took fright at the expense, and 

 resolved to do only so much of it in the meantime 

 as related to England, Scotland, and Ireland. 

 Holinshed having the history of these countries in 

 hand, application was made to Harrison to furnish 

 the descriptions of Britain and England to be pre- 

 fixed to tne whole. Of the three volumes in the 

 second edition, the first is made up of these and 

 Holinshed's own history of England till the Con- 

 quest. The second contains the Description of 

 Ireland by Richard Stanihurst, the translator of 

 Virgil's JEneid into English hexameters, himself a 

 CarTiolic and the uncle of Archbishop Ussher : then 

 the history of Ireland to its Conquest, adapted from 

 Giraldus Cambrensis, by John Hooker or Vowell, 

 uncle of the Judicious Hooker ; next the history of 

 Ireland to the year 1509 by Holinshed ; ite con- 

 tinuation to 1547 by Stanihurst ; and thence to 

 1586 by Hooker. "The second volume contains 

 further the Description of Scotland by Harrison ; 

 the history of Scotland by Holinshed, down to 1571, 

 and by Francis Rotevilie, or Thin, the Lancaster 

 herald, with the help of others, from 1571 to 1586. 

 This was mainly compiled from Belfenden's trans- 

 lation of Boece, John Major, and the continuation 

 of Boece by John Ferreri. The third volume is 

 made up of the history of England from William 

 the Conqueror down to 1577 by Holinshed, and 

 from 1 .777 down to 1586 by the famous antiquan 

 Stow, Fr. Thin, Abraham Fleming, and others. In 

 the modern six-volume edition of 1807-8 these are 

 more conveniently arranged ; the first four volumes 



