lini.LuWAY 



HOLLY 



717 



tin- iirniv In- WHS iirriised Hi high treason ; lnt, 

 leaving liis native liiiul, he fun ml refuge in Nor- 

 mandy. Again, after a brief return vi-il tu 

 Kllglaild ill the following year, lie went back tu 

 I'.iiitanx, and sta\ed there until < 'rum well'* deal h. 



On bii reappearance in Kngland Holies set tuwork 

 in eiii-ci the restoration of the Stuarts ; in- was the 

 spokesman of the commission delegated to carry the 

 iiivitatiuii of recall to Charles II. at Breda. In 

 1(561 he was created a peer as Lord Holies of Islidd 

 in Sussex. His hist important public duty was the 

 negotiation of the, treaty of Breda in 10(57. Although 

 thus employed in the service of the crown, Holies 

 still clung faithfully to his love of liberty, and 

 remained staunch in his support of the governing 

 rights of parliament. ; and as Charles's propensities 

 towards alisolut ism lieeame more pronounced Holies 

 leaned more to the opposition. He died on 17th 

 February 1680, a man of linn integrity, a lover of 

 his country and of liberty, ' a man of great courage 

 and of as great pride. He had the soul of a stun- 

 bon old Roman in him.' See Memoirs written by 

 himself (1699) ; also S. K. Gardiner's History. 



Holloway* a district of London, in the parish 

 and parliamentary borough of Islington, on the 

 N., has a population of 47,924. 



Holloway College, situated at Mount Lee, 

 Eghain. Sin rey, near Virginia Water, is an insti- 

 tutiun founded in 1883 by Thomas Holloway 

 (1800-83), patentee of Holloway's pills and Hol- 

 loway 's ointment (see ADVERTISING), for the pur- 

 pose of supplying a suitable education to women 

 of the middle classes. The building, which is 

 constructed in the French Renaissance style, was 

 opened by the Queen in 1886. The management 

 is vested in the hands of twelve governors. Hollo- 

 way also founded a sanatorium or hospital for the 

 mentally afflicted belonging to the middle classes. 



Holly (Ilex), a genus of trees and shrubs of 

 the natural order Aquifoliacere, chiefly natives 

 of temperate climates ; with evergreen, leathery, 

 shining, and generally spinous leaves ; small flowers 



which have a four- to 

 five-toothed calyx, a 

 wheel-shaped four- to 

 five-cleft corolla, four 

 or live stamens, and 

 the fruit globose and 

 fleshy, with four or 

 five stones (nuts). 

 The Common Holly 

 (/. aquifoliuin), the 

 only European 

 species, and a native 

 also of some parts of 

 Asia, is a well-known 

 ornament of woods, 

 parks, and shrubber- 

 ies in Britain, the 

 stillness of its habit 

 being so compensated 

 by the abundance of 

 its branchlets and 

 leaves as to make it 

 one of the most 

 beautiful evergreens. 

 It is found as a 

 native plant in Scot- 

 l.-ui.i. although 

 Britain is nearly its 

 northern limit ; and 

 a greater size and displays greater 



Branch of Common Holly 



(Ilex aquifolium) : 



a, a flower. 



it attains 



luxuriance in the northern than in the southern 

 parts of its geographic range, often appearing 

 in the former as a tree of considerable size, 

 20 to 50 feet high, whilst in the latter it is 

 generally a mere bush. It prefers light soils. 



There are numerous varieties of holly produced, 

 or at least perpetuated, by cultivation, exhibiting 

 great diversity in the leaves, of which the Hedge- 

 /tuif Ilnlli/ may ! mentioned ax extremely sinuous 

 and spinous, whilst others are prized for their 

 colour, golden, silver-blotched, &c. The llowen* 

 of the common holly are whitish, axillary, nearly 

 umbellate, and often dioecious by abortion of the 

 pistil; hence the barrenness of certain varieiii-. 

 and occasionally also of individual trees of others 

 which are remarkable for having the stamens only 

 or the pistils only perfect as the case may be ; the 

 former of course never l>ear fruit. The fmit in 

 small, scarlet, rarely yellow or white. The abund- 

 ance of the fruit adds much to the ornamental 

 character of the tree in winter, and affords food 

 for birds : but to man it is purgative, emetic, and 

 diuretic, and in larger quantities poisonous. The 

 leaves are inodorous, have a mucilaginous bitter 

 and somewhat austere taste, and have lieen used 

 medicinally in cases of gout and rheumatism, as a 

 diaphoretic, and also as an astringent and tonic to 

 correct a tendency to diarrhoea, &c. The leaves 

 and small branches, chopped, are sometimes used 

 for feeding sheep in severe winters. The root and 

 bark are emollient, expectorant, and diuretic. 

 Birdlime (q.v.) may be made from the inner bark. 

 The wood is almost as white as ivory, very hard 

 and fine-grained, and is used by cabinetmakers, 

 turners, musical-instrument makers, &c., and some- 



i times for wood-engraving. Handles of tools and 

 handles of metal teapots are very often made of 



I it. The holly is often planted for hedges, as it 



I bears clipping well, and makes an excellent fence. 



i A holly hedge may eitheY be kept low, or, as is the 

 case at Tyninghanie, in East Lothian, allowed to 

 grow to the height of 20 or 30 feet. In the garden- 

 ing of former days hollies were often clipped into 

 fantastic shapes. The name holly used to be derived 

 from the very ancient use of the branches and lierries 

 to decorate churches at Christmas (said to IKJ con- 

 nected originally with the Roman Saturnalia), from 

 which the tree was called Holy Tree. Really holly 

 ( O. E. holyn ) shows the same root as in Irish c-uilean, 

 German hulse, Old French honlx(see EVERGREKNS, 

 and the illustration there). The American holly 

 (/. opaca) is common along the Atlantic coast from 

 Maine southwards. Mate (q.v.), or Paraguay Tea, 

 is the leaf of a South American species of holly (/. 

 paraguensis). I. vomitoria has been erroneously 

 named South Sea Tea, from the impression that 

 it was the same as /. paraguensis. The Indians 

 smoked it as a substitute for tolwcco. /. cassine 

 and /. Dahoon are natives of the same region of the 

 United 'States. /. gongonha, which grows in the 

 provinces of Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo, Brazil, 

 lias leaves which have been substituted for Para- 

 guay Tea. The fruit of /. maconcona contains a 

 great quantity of tannin, and mixed with a ferru- 

 ginous earth is used to dye cotton. 



According to the Darwinian theory of the origin 

 of thorns, spines, and prickles, these structures 

 serve either as a protection against the attacks of 

 the larger animals (the view expressed in Sou t hey 's 

 ' Holly-tree ' ) or as climbing organs. The ancestors 

 of the holly are supposed to have had spinel. -- 

 leaves which were eaten by large browsing animals, 

 and thus the holly ran the risk of extermination, 

 until some individuals, dwarfed and checked in 

 growth from the losing of their tender shoot*, 

 developed spines which protected them from the 

 attacks of animals. These spine-producing hollies 

 had an advantage over their spineless neighbours 

 and became the survivors. In support of thi^ 

 theory is the fact that many varieties of holly 

 above a certain height develop leaves without 

 spines ; and this is explained by saying that these 

 leaves were beyond the reach of animals which 



