HOLTZENDORFF 



HOLYOAKE 



751 



rial career was entirely free fnmi tin- stigma of party 

 l>i;is ( ir intrigue. He dktfngnhlwd himself by hw 

 courageous defence of the powers of hi* otlice igaiact 

 Koth crown and parliament, anil his decisions \\en- 

 marked l>y conspicuous aliility and unending integ- 

 illy. See Life (1764) and Jicjiortx ( r,,. v / ., ,/,-(,; 

 mined by Sir Ju/m Unit from 1688 to 1710 (1738). 



HoltzcndorfT, FRAN/ VON, a German writer 

 on law subjects, was horn 14th Octolwr 1829, at 

 Vietmannsdorf iji Brandenlmrg. Educated for the 

 law, he practised in the courts at Berlin till 1N.">7, 

 when he l>ecanie a lecturer on law at the universit \ . 

 Made professor there in 1861, he was in 1873 called 

 to Munich. He is known as an author on several 

 branches of law, and especially as an advocate for 

 the reform of prisons and penal systems. Among 

 his numerous works may he mentioned one on 

 deportation, and anotheV on the Irish prison 

 system (1859); Die J'n',i,-i/,it'n der Politik ( 1 869 ) ; 

 Encydopiidie tter ftechtsurissenschaft (1870-71 ; 4th 

 ed. 1882) ; Handbuch des Deutachen Strafrechts 

 ( 1871-77) ; and llnndbnch des Volkerrechts ( 1885). 



Holtziliailll* ADOLF, a celehrated Germanist, 

 was born at Carlsruhe, 2<1 May 1810, first studied 

 theology at Berlin, then Old German philology 

 under Schmeller at Munich, and next Sanskrit under 

 Bnrnoof at Paris. In 1852 he was appointed pro- 

 fe^or of the German Language and Literature at 

 1 Iridellterg, where he died, 3d July 1870. Among his 

 numerous contributions to philology are Ueber den 

 <!'-ii'i-h. Ursprung des hid. Tierkreises ( 1844); hid. 

 Saqen ( 1S4.~> 47) ; Kelten und Gernmnen (1855), in 

 which both are maintained to have been originally 

 identical ; and Untersuc.hungen iiber (his Nibelungen- 

 li<'d (1854), in which the views of Lachmann are 

 assailed. His last work was a projected Altdeutsche 

 Grammatik, After his death Holder edited from 



his papers <;<-nn<tn. Altertumer (1873), Deutsche 

 Mi/t/iofogie (1874), and Die altere Edda (1875). 

 Of his brothers two attained eminence, Karl Hein- 



rich Alexander (1811-6")) as a lecturer and writer 

 on applied mathematics; and KarlJulius ( 1804-77) 

 as a preacher and ecclesiastic at Carlsruhe. 



lloll/niaiin. HEINRICH JULIUS, an eminent 

 theologian, was son of the Germanist Adolf Holtz- 

 mann. He was born at Carlsruhe, 17th May 1832, 

 became in 1861 extra-ordinary, in 1865 ordinary pro- 

 tcssor of Theology at Heidelberg, and obeyed in 

 1874 a call to the theological faculty at Strasburg. 

 I l<>li /maim set out as an exponent of the ' Vermit- 

 telungtheologie,' but gradually let slip its assump- 

 tions, and now stands one of 'the chief representa- 

 tives of the more advanced modern school. 



Among his writings are Kanon und Tradition (1859), 

 Die Sitnoptischen Evanaelien (1863), Kritik <l,T Kpkeser- 

 und Kolosxerbriefe (1872), Die Pastoralbritfe (1881), and 

 an introduction to the New Testament ( 1885). Besides 

 these he prepared the New Testament portion of 

 Bunaen'i Btbefocrk; published two volumes of sermons 

 (180o and 1873); along with G. Weber, tfeschichte des 

 Volkes Israel (1867); and with Zopftel. the Lexiknnfiir 

 1'heoloyie wul Kirchenweten ( (882 1. He lias also con- 

 tributed extensively to the theological reviews. 



Holy Alliance, a league formed (1816) after 

 the fall of Napoleon by the sovereigns of Russia, 

 Austria, and Prussia. wli.-rcl.\ they pledged them- 

 selves to rule their peoples like fat'hers of families, 

 and to regulate all national and international rela- 

 tions in aooottUooa with the principles of Christian 

 charity. But the alliance was mad" in actual fact 

 a mi-ails of mutual encouragement in the mainten- 

 ance of royal and imperial absolutism, and an 

 instrument for suppressing free institutions and 

 checking the aspirations for political lil>erty strug- 

 gling into realisation amongst the nations of the 

 Continent. The league died a natural death after 

 the lapse of a few years. 



Holy Coat of Treves. See TREVES. 



Holy CihoNt. S<-e SPIRIT, CREEDS. 



Holy Cirail. s.-.- i;i : .ui.. 



Holy CiraxM (///.,./,/. boreuli*), a 

 smelling urn** lieionging to the trile I'halaride*, 

 alnmt a foot high, with a brownish glo*y lax 

 panicle. It in sometimes strewed on the floors of 

 churches on festival -days, whence its nam.-. 



Holyliead, a seaport (once a parliamentary 

 borough) of Anglesey, North Wales, is situated 

 on a small island of the same name, 80 miles E. 

 of Dublin, 85 W. of Chester, and 204 N\V. of 

 London. Although recently much improved, it is 

 still a primitive, irregularly'-built town. It is the 

 terminus of the London and North- Western Rail 

 way ( 1850), and the port for the mail steam-paokrt - 

 to Dublin, which j>erform the voyage in about four 

 hours. The shipping accommodation consists of a 

 harl>our with two division!-, and a roadstead shel- 

 tered by a breakwater. The harbour was extended 

 in 1873-80, and the rjnay lengthened to 4000 feet. 

 The roadstead or harbour of refuge (1847-73), with 

 an area of about 400 acres, is protected from 

 the sea on the north by a solid masonry wall, 

 rising 38 feet 9 inches al>ove low-water mark, and 

 backed by a strong rubble mound (see BRKAK- 

 WATER, Vol. II. p. 413). Pop. (1875)5622; (1891) 

 8726, employed in the coasting trade and in hhip- 

 building and rope-making. Till 1885 Holy head 

 united with Amlwch, Beaumaris, and Llangefni in 

 sending one member to parliament. 



HOLYHEAD ISLAND, lying west and forming 

 part of Anglesey, is 8 miles long by 3J broad 

 Area, 9658 sq. acres; pop. (1891) 9610. Tip- 

 island is separated from Anglesey by a narrow 

 sandy strait, crossed by a causeway, along which 

 run the Holyliead road and the Chester and 

 Holyliead Railway, and arched in the centre 

 for the tide to pass beneath. The surface is for 

 the most part rocky and barren. On the north- 

 west coast are two islets, the North and South 

 Stacks, the latter with a lighthouse, whose light, 

 197 feet above high- water, is seen for 20 miles. 

 The Stacks and the north coast are hollowed out 

 into magnificent caves, the haunt of sea-fowl. 



Holy Island, or LINDISFARNE, a small island 

 of Northumberland, 9 miles SE. of Berwick-on- 

 Tweed. It is 3 miles long by 1J broad, and has an 

 area of 2457 acres. At low- water it can be reached 

 by walking ac-ross the sands, a distance of 3 miles; 

 at high-water the strait covered by the sea is ] 

 mile wide. The village (pop. 686) is guarded by 

 the castle, built about 1500, and still in good repair. 

 The island is chiefly interesting for the ruins of its 

 Benedictine priory church. This was built in KW3 

 out of the materials of the ancient cathedral, 

 erected here in the 7th century, under the uuspico 

 of Bishop Aidan. Here a company of Columltan 

 monks established themselves, ami grew into the 

 famous prior)' of Lindisfarne, the luminary of the 

 north, the lona of England. It readied its 

 greatest glory under St Cuthbert (q.v.). The 

 cathedral suffered severely from the ravages of 

 the Danes, and was gradually allowed t fall 

 into ruins as Durham grew into imjH>rtanee. In 

 August 1887 three thousand barefooted pilgrims 

 crossed the sands to Lindisfarne. See works by 

 G. Johnston ( 1853) and F. K. Wilson (1870). 



Holy Land. See PALKSTINK. 



Holyoake, GKOKCK .FACOII, a zealous labourer 

 for bettering the condition of working-men, a writer 

 on co-operation, and the founder of 'Secularism. 

 a -\ -tern which bases dutv on considerations purely 

 human, relies on material means of improvement. 

 and justifies its beliefs to the conscience, irrespective 

 of atheism, theism, or revelation.' He was bora 

 at Birmingham on 13th April 1817. During the 



