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HOLYOKE 



HOLY WATER 



course of his life he has filled various offices and 

 taken an active share in various public movements. 

 He taught mathematics at the Mechanics' Institu- 

 tion in Birmingham, lectured on Robert Owen's 

 socialist system, acted as secretary to the British 

 contingent that went to the assistance of Gari- 

 baldi, edited the Reasoner, was chiefly instru- 

 mental in getting the bill legalising secular affir- 

 mations passed, projected the light on the clock 

 tower of the Parliament House, and exerted him- 

 self on behalf of settlers in Canada and the United 

 States, services recognised by Mr Gladstone and 

 the Canadian government. Holyoake was the last 

 person imprisoned in England on a charge of atheism 

 (1841). He was president of the Carlisle Congress 

 of the Co-operative Societies, 1887. On the subject 

 of co-operation he has written History of Co-oper- 

 ation in Rochdale (2 parts, 1857-72), History of 

 Co-operation in England (2 vols. 1875-79; new ed. 

 vol. i. 1886), and Self -help a Hundred Years Ago 

 (1888). Other works from his pen are The Limits 

 of Atheism ( 1861 ), Trial of Theism ( 1877), Life of 

 Joseph Rayner Stephens ( 1881 ), Hostile and Gener- 

 ous Toleration, a History of Middlesborough, Sixty 

 Years of an Agitator's Life ( 1892), &c. 



Holyoke, a city of Massachusetts, 8 miles N. 

 of Springfield, on the Connecticut River, which is 

 here crossed by a dam over 1000 feet long and falls 

 60 feet in less than a mile, supplying immense 

 water-power. Holyoke is a great seat of the pajer- 

 making trade, and has a score of paper-mills, be- 

 sides numerous cotton-factories and woollen -mills, 

 several grist-mills, and manufactures of metal and 

 wooden wares. It contains a fine city-hall and a 

 large number of excellent schools. Pop. (1870) 

 10,733; ( 1880) 24,933 : ( 1890) 40,152 ; (1900) 45,712. 



Holy Roman Empire. See ROMAN EMPIRE, 

 CHURCH HISTORY. 



Holyrood, an abbey and palace of Edinburgh. 

 In the year 1128 King David I. of Scotland founded 

 at Edinburgh an abbey of canons regular, of the 

 order of St Augustine. According to the legend, it 

 was founded on the spot where the king, whilst 

 hunting on Rood Day in the fourth year of his 

 reign, in the forest that then surrounded Edin- 

 burgh, was thrown from his horse and nearly gored 

 by a hart, and was only saved by a mysterious hand 

 putting a flaming cross between him and the 

 animal, at the sight of which the hart fled away, 

 leaving the king safe. The abbey was dedicated 

 to the Holy Cross or Rood, a casket of gold, 

 elaborately wrought and shaped like a cross, which 

 was brought to Scotland by Margaret, wife of 

 Malcolm, king of Scotland, about 1070. This 

 casket was held in great veneration as containing 

 a splinter of the true Cross, and became one of 

 the heirlooms of the kingdom. The Black Rood 

 of Scotland, as it was called, was carried before 

 the army of David II. when he invaded Eng- 

 land in 1346, and fell into the hands of the 

 English at the battle of Neville's Cross. The 

 victors placed it in the shrine of St Cuthbert in the 

 cathedral of Durham. At the time of the Refor- 

 mation it disappeared, and nothing has been 

 known about it since. The abbey church Avas 

 built :n the Norman and early Gothic styles. The 

 abbey was several times burned by the English, 

 especially in 1544 (when the transepts were de- 

 stroyed ) and 1547. At the Reformation the monas- 

 tery was dissolved ; and the abbey church having 

 been repaired was henceforth used as the parish 

 church of the Canongate. In 1687 James VII., 

 having built another parish church for the Canon- 

 gate, converted the abbey church into the chapel 

 royal of Holyrood. It was plundered and burned 

 by the mob at the Revolution in 1688, and remained 

 in neglect until 1758. In that year it was repaired 



and roofed ; but the roof was too heavy for the walls, 

 and it fell in 1768. Since then the chapel has 

 been left in a state of ruin. The vault, built as a 

 burying-place for the royal family of Scotland, 

 contained the ashes of David II., James II., James 

 V., and of many other royal and historical person- 

 ages, such as the Duke of Albany, Lord Darnley, 

 &c. 



The abbey of Holyrood early became the occa- 

 sional abode of the Scottish kings. Robert Bruce 

 and Edward Baliol held parliaments within its walls. 

 James II. was born in it, crowned in it, married in 

 it, buried in it. The foundations of the palace, 

 apart from the abbey, were laid about 1501 by James 

 IV. , who made Edinburgh the capital of Scotland . 

 Henceforth Holyrood Palace was the chief seat of 

 the Scottish sovereigns. It was mostly destroyed 

 by the English in 1544, but immediately after- 

 wards rebuilt on a larger scale. Queen Mary took 

 up her abode in the palace when she returned from 

 France in 1561. Here, in 1566, Riz/.io was torn 

 from her side and murdered. It was garrisoned 

 after the battle of Dunbar in 1650 by Cromwell's 

 troops, who burned the greater part of it to the 

 ground. It was rebuilt by Charles II., from the 

 designs of Sir William Bruce of Kinross, between 

 1671 and 1679. After the accession of James VI. 

 to the throne of England it ceased to be occupied 

 as a permanent royal residence. But George IV. 

 held his court in it in 1822, and Queen Victoria 

 occasionally spends a night within its walls. At 

 the present day the disposition of the rooms in the 

 older portion seems to be much the same as in the 

 time of Queen Mary. The picture-gallery, contain- 

 ing badly-painted ' portraits ' of fabulous Scottish 

 kings, and a few genuine works of art, possesses 

 romantic interest as the scene of the balls and recep- 

 tions of Prince Charlie in 1745. 



The palace, with its precincts and park, was 

 in Catholic times a sanctuary for all kinds of 

 offenders, but afterwards the privilege of Sanctuary 

 ( q. v. ) was extended to none except insolvent debtors. 

 De Quincey is the most illustrious person who 

 availed himself of the privilege. But now, from 

 recent ameliorations in the laws affecting debtors, 

 especially the Debtors (Scotland) Act, 1880, the 

 protection has no longer legal validity. See His- 

 torical Description of the Monastery and Chapel 

 Royal of Holyrood House (1819), and D. Wilson, 

 Memorials of Edinburgh (1848). 



Holy Sepulchre, KNIGHTS OF THE, an order 

 of knighthood instituted, probably by Pope Alex- 

 ander VI., for the guardianship of the Holy Sepul- 

 chre, and the relief and protection of pilgrims. On 

 the recapture of Jerusalem by the Turks the 

 knights retired to Italy, and settled at Perugia. 

 For a time united with the Hospitallers, the order 

 was reconstituted (1814) in France and in Poland. 



Holy Spirit. See SPIRIT. 



Holy Water, in the Roman Catholic, as also 

 in the Greek, Russian, and oriental churches, 

 signifies water blessed by a priest or bishop for 

 certain religious uses. Water is, almost of its own 

 nature, a fitting symbol of purity ; and accordingly, 

 in most of the ancient religions, the use of lustral 

 or purifying water not only formed part of the 

 public worship, but also entered largelv into the 

 personal acts of sanctih'cation prescribed to indivi- 

 duals. The Jewish law contained many provisions 

 to the same effect ; and our Lord, by establishing 

 baptism with water as the necessary form of 

 initiation into the religion instituted by him, gave 

 bis sanction to the use. The usage of sprinkling 

 the hands and face with water before entering the 

 sanctuary, prescribed in the Jewish law for those 

 ceremonially unclean, was very early adopted in the 

 Christian church. It is expressly mentioned by 



