HONEY 



761 



improvement is visible. Education is in.inin.-ill> 

 compul-ory, ami there are primitive state schools 

 in t lie towns and large villages, lesides a collect 

 in TefftKrfgaipa and CoflMyagML Tin* whites ar< 

 very l'-w in mniiU'r, the Indians, negroes, ami 

 mixed races including all hut some 6000 or 7000 of 

 die population. <>n tin- Mosquito coast thep 

 oonuderable population of no-called ' Caribs ' (q.v. ). 

 There are DO town* of any importance, the largest 

 being the capital, Tegucigalpa, with 12,0<H) inhaltit 

 ants. The ports are Amapala, on the Bay of 

 Ponseoa, I'uerto Cortez or Puerto Caballos. Omoa, 

 ami Tinxillo. There were lifty-six post-oflices 

 in 1890 and 1800 miles of telegraphs, Inith main- 

 tained at a considerable loss ; aim, besides a con- 

 tinuation of the interoceanic railway, a line is pro- 

 jected l>etween Puerto Cortex, and Truxillo, through 

 a licli fruit district. 



See Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America 

 ( New York, 1841 ) ; Squier, Notes on Central America 

 (New York, 1855), and Honduras (Lond. 1870); Wells, 

 Kxfilorations and Adventures in Honduras (New York, 

 1857); 'Soltera,' A La/ly's Ride across Spanish Hondu- 

 ras (Lond. 1884); and Lombard, The New Honduras 

 (New York, 1887). 



Honduras, BRITISH. See BELIZE. 



Hour. WILLIAM, a versatile and industrious 

 Knglish writer, was born at Bath, June 3, 1780. 

 He nad but little education, and, after some years 

 of hopeless drudgery in London as a lawyer's clerk, 

 at twenty started a book and print shop there. But 

 his busy mind was too full of all kinds of extrane- 

 ous projects for success in business ; and after no 

 long time savings-bank schemes and lunatic asylum 

 inquiries brought him to bankruptcy. He struggled 

 bravely to get bread for his already numerous 

 family by writing to various papers, started the 

 Traveller, and next the Reformist's Register ( Feb- 

 ruary 1 October 25, 1817), which quickly carried 

 his name across England by its brilliant political 

 si|iii!)s and parodies, and by the caricatures of 

 Craikshank. On the 18th, 19th, and 20th Decem- 

 ber 1817 he was subjected to three separate trials 

 before special juries for publishing things cal- 

 culated to injure public morals and bring the 

 Prayer-book into contempt. The prosecution was 

 of course really political rather than religious, and 

 the strongest pressure was brought to bear upon the 

 court, yet Hone was acquitted on all three counts, 

 after defending himself, weak in health as he was, 

 with remarkable vigour and ability for over six 

 hours each day. Among the more successful of his 

 later satires, all illustrated by Cruikshank, were 

 The Political House that Jack built, The Queen's 

 Mntriinnniul LatMer (for Queen Caroline), The 

 Man in t/ic Moon, and The Political Showman. 

 Works that revealed much reading in obscure chan- 

 nels were the Apocryphal New Testament (1820) 

 and AiK-init Mysteries Explained (1823). The 

 Eoery-day Book (1826), Table-book (1827-28), and 

 Year-book (1829) contained rich stores of informa- 

 tion on manners and antiquities, into which most 

 later miscellaneous writers upon folklore and popu- 

 lar traditions have burrowed. Yet their stout- 

 hearted compiler at the end found himself in a 

 debtor's jail, from which his friends extricated him 

 to start him in a coffee-house also a failure. In 

 1830 Hone edited Strntt's .s>,/V.v ,///,/ runtimes, and 



itributed later to the Penny Magazine and the 



Patriot. In his last years be swung back to the 

 devout theology of his mother's hearth, and often 

 preached on Sundays. He died at Tottenham, 6th 

 November 1842. 



Hones. See WHETSTONES. 



Honesty (Lunarfa), a genus of plants of the 

 natural order Crucifene, of which two species, 

 natives of the south of Europe, L. annita or 



In,, a, is and /.. n-ilii'ii-ii, have long been cultivated 

 in British llo\\er-Marden, on account nartlv of th- 

 Iteanty of their flower*, and partly off the'curioiiH 

 appearance of their large flat HMI! JX.IK-|,I-H 

 (silicules), or rather their large oval Daemon 

 dissepiment*, which are very perHUtent, rewml.le 

 polished films of mother-of-pearl, and are fre- 

 quently used as mantelpiece and table ornaments. 



Honesty (Lunaria bisnnix) in seed. 



The origin of the English name is doubtful. Some 

 of the older English poets mention the plant as 

 Lunarie ' in sorceries excelling ; ' for it was 

 reckoned among herbs potent for magic. 



Honey is a sweet, thick liquid produced by 

 bees and other insects of the same genus. The 

 working bees gather the nectar from the nectaries 

 of flowers, and also sweets from other sources when 

 nectar is scarce, which they carry home to the 

 hive in the crop or honey-bag. Here it appears 10 

 undergo a transformation, by which it becomes 

 honey before it is disgorged Into the cells of the 

 comb. Yet the change is such that many of the 

 distinctive characteristics of the various materials 

 can be traced in the manufactured honey. Tims 

 we find clover and heather honey easily distinguish- 

 able, the clover-honey being a clear white almost 

 greenish-white fluid liquid ; while that obtained 

 from the heather has a rich amber colour, and is 

 much more viscid, so that it cannot be slung from 

 the combs without destroying them. The flavour 

 and colour of other flowers can also lie distinctly 

 traced in various honeys, such as that made from 

 the flowers of the ivy and that from honey-dew, 

 the produce of the Aphides, which may be seen in 

 summer in the form of a sticky liquid on the leaves 

 of the lime and other trees. * In default of betier 

 Food bees sometimes resort to this honey-dew. But 

 it imparts a blackish hue to the honey and a dis- 

 agreeable flavour. 



Honey contains dextro-glucose and la'vo-ghicose, 



:ane-8ugar, as also gummy, waxy, colouring matter, 



and essential odorous oils, along with water and a 



ninute quantity of mineral matter and pollen. 



The proportion of crystal lisahle sugar increases 



with the age of the honey, so that in time it 



acquires a granular consistency. Exposure to light 



ind cold increases this tendency, which is stronger 



'n some kinds of pure honey than in others. 



As an article of commerce and for human con- 

 lumption honey is presented both in the comb and 

 as run honey. The run honey is separated from 

 the wax of which the storing cells are composed, 



