HONOK AIM! M 



HOOD 



765 



kind-, i- M.I! a large one. It in enter**! through mi 

 ;iii: in (In- coral-reef, is 150 yards wide at the 

 entrance, and extends fur rather more than a mile 

 in a north and suittli direction. Tin- town Clauds 

 <-!o-e to tin- -In nr, on a narrow plain at tin- mouth 

 of the Niinanii valley, which runs Lark between 

 dill's into the main range of Eastern Mountains. 

 'I'll.- strii> of tint land on which the town i- Imilt 

 i- naturally hare and dry, and the mountains, which 

 protect the harliour from the north-easterly trade- 

 winds, also keep oil' the rain, so that the rainfall 

 .u Honolulu is much smaller than in some other 

 parts of the inlands. Water-works, however, supply 

 irrigation, which keeps the gardens of the town 

 bright with flowers ami foliage. The centre of the 

 town is well laid out in rectangular streets, with 

 houses built in European style; most of the 

 appliances of civilisation are to he found, notably 

 telephones ; there are fine government buildings, 

 and an interesting public library. The climate 

 is pleasant, the least healthy time being when 

 southerly or south-westerly breezes blow ; food- 

 supplies are plentiful. Honolulu is the chief port 

 of entry and delivery of the territory ; it is con- 

 nected by steamer w'ith the American continent, 

 Asia, and Australasia. ' Pop. ( 1896) 29,920 ; ( 1900) 

 39,306. Inhabitants of American or foreign parent- 

 age are numerous, and the trade of the place is 

 almost entirely in their hands. See also HAWAII. 



Honorarium. See FEES. 



Honorius, FLAVIUS, second son of the Roman 

 emperor, Tlieodosius the Great, was born in 384. 

 On the death of his father the empire was divided 

 between him and his brother Arcadius, Honorius 

 receiving the western half, with Home as his 

 capital. Being only ten years old, he was put 

 under the guardianship of Stilicho (q.v. ), who was 

 the de facto ruler of the western empire until 

 408. After the death of Stilicho, who had been 

 the strong bulwark of western Rome against the 

 barbarian invasions, Alaric the Goth overran Italy, 

 and besieged Rome, and took it in 410. A new 

 champion of the empire arose in Constantius, who 

 was appointed the colleague of Honorius in the 

 consulship, and received in marriage (41 7) the hand 

 of his sister Placidia, along with a share in the 

 empire. But he did not long enjoy his good 

 fortune, as his death took place a few months 

 after. Thereafter things went from bad to worse 

 in the empire, and the weak Honorius lost his 

 hold of the fair provinces beyond the Alps, whilst 

 Africa was a seething caldron of revolt and civil 

 war. The first emperor of the West died in 423, 

 at Ravenna, which ne had made his capital in 403. 

 See ). II. l.nry's History of the Later Roman 

 Empire (1890). 



Honorius I., who succeeded Boniface V. as 

 Bishop of Rome in 625, was born of a consular 

 family in Campania. His name is connected with 

 the history of the paschal controversy in Ireland 

 and with that of the early Anglo-Saxon Church. 

 During his pontificate the bishopric of York was 

 elevated to the rank of an archbishopric, and the 

 festival of the Elevation of the Cross was insti- 

 tuted. At the height of the Monothelite (<|.\. ) 

 controversy Honorius, at the suggestion of Ser- 

 gius, patriarch of Constantinople, abstained from 

 condemning the new doctrines, and for his hike- 

 warmness in so doing was stigmatised as a heretic 

 at the Council of Constantinople (680). He died 

 in 638, and was succeeded by Severinus. Some 

 letters of his are preserved fn Lahbe's Collectio 

 Conciliorum, vol. iii. 



Honour. MAIDS OP. See HOUSEHOLD. 



Honourable* a title given in the United 

 Kingdom to the younger sons of Earls, and all the 

 children of Viscounts and Barons ; to Maids of 



Honour, Lord- of SC-MOU, the Supreme Judge* of 

 England and Ireland. For the JMTHOHH entitled to 

 '\li-d 'Honourable,' 'Most Honourable,' and 

 'Right Honourable' respectively, aee AUDRKtt 

 ( KOKMS OF). In America custom attaches the 

 title of Honourable to the name- of governor* of 

 states, judges, members of congress, and other 

 public functionaries. 



Honours, MILITARY. See SALUTES; and for 

 Honours of War, see CAPITULATION. 



llontheiin, JOHANN NIKOLAUH VON, wan 

 born at Treves, 27th January 1701. He was 

 educated in the Jesuit school of his native city, 

 studied canon law at Louvain, and afterwards 

 taught it for ten years at Treves, of which see he 

 became sulIYagan bishop in 1748. He is the author 

 of two works on the history of Treves, JIint"im 

 Trevirensis Diplomatica (3 vols. 1750) and Pro- 

 dromus Historia; Trevirensis (2 vols. 1757). But 

 he is chiefly memorable for a theological essay in 

 Latin, On the State of the Church and on the 

 Legitimate Authority of the Roman Pontiff (17 '63). 

 This he published under the nom de plume of 

 .hist inns Febronius, whence the system of church 

 government which the work propounds has been 

 called Felmmianism. His scheme may IKJ described 

 as an exaggerated form of Gallicanism, with the 

 democratic element of Congregationalism super- 

 added. The work was condemned by Clement 

 XIII. immediately after its appearance. When it 

 became known in 1778 that Hontheim was the 

 author, Pius VI. required from him a retractation 

 of his doctrines. But three years later in his Com- 

 meiitarins Hontheim repeated his old views. He 

 died at Montquintin in Luxembourg, Septeml>er 2, 

 1790. See O. Mejer, Febronius (Tubingen, 1885). 



llonf liorst. GERARD VAN, Dutch painter, born 

 at Utrecht on 4th Novemlier 1590, and died there 

 on 27th April 1656. He was a member of the 

 painters' guild of Utrecht ( 1622-37 ) and of that of 

 The Hague (1637-52). He twice visited England 

 ( 1620 and 1628), and painted portraits of the royal 

 family and an allegory (now at Hampton Court). 

 He also found patrons in Elizaleth of Bohemia 

 and the princes of Orange. His best pictures 

 are imitations of Caravaggio, whose works greatly 

 influenced him whilst studying in Rome ; he 

 was particularly fond of painting interiors dimly 

 illumined by lamps or candles. The ' Lilwration 

 of St Peter,' the ' Martyrdom of St John,' the 

 'Musician,' the 'House in the Wood,' and the 

 portraits of Mary de' Medici, the king and queen 

 of Bohemia, and the Duke of Buckingham may be 

 taken as representative of his skill. His brother 

 WILLIAM (1604-66), an historical and portrait 

 painter, worked for the court of Berlin from 1650 to 

 1664. 



Homed ( ' Land -defenders'), the name given in 

 j Hungary under the earlier kings to the national 

 champions. In the summer of 1848 the term was 

 revived, and applied first to the revolutionary 

 armies, and after the organisation of the Hungarian 

 landwehr in 1868 to that body of men. 



Hood. The academic hood is a mollification of 

 the monks' cowl ; the right to wear hoods is bestowed 

 by universities and by certain chartered colleges, 

 and the value and source of the wearer's degree 

 are indicated by the material, shape, and colour of 

 the hood. A very complete list of university and 

 other degrees and hoods is given in H'hitaktr's 

 Almanack. 



Hood* MOUNT. See CASCADE RANGE. 



Hood. ALEXANDER, Lord Bridport, admiral, 

 born in 1727, was the younger son of the vicar of 

 Thorncoml>e, near Axminster, and vounger brother 

 of the more famous Viscount Hood. The date of 



