770 



HOOKE 



HOOKER 



even encrusted with gems. The hubble-bubble of 

 India (named from the sound produced) is a similar 

 but simpler water-pipe, made of a cocoa-nut filled 

 with water, and two short wooden tubes at right 

 angles, one going into the water, the other merely 

 passing inside the top of the shell. 



Hooke, ROBERT, an English natural philo- 

 sopher, born at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, July 

 18, 1635, and educated under Busby at West- 

 minster, and at Christ Church, Oxford. He en- 

 joyed the patronage of the Hon. Robert Boyle, 

 and helped him to construct his air-pump. In 

 1662 he was appointed curator of experiments to 

 the Royal Society, and in 1677 became its secre- 

 tary ; in 1665 professor of Geometry in Gresham 

 College, London ; and after the great fire of 1666 

 he acted as surveyor during the works, and thus 

 accumulated several thousand pounds, which he 

 hid away in an old iron chest. He died at Gresham 

 College, March 3, 1703. Hooke was a man of 

 extraordinary inventive genius, and has justly 

 been considered as the greatest of philosophical 

 mechanics ; the wonderful sagacity, nay, almost 

 intuition, he showed in deducing correct general 

 laws from meagre premises has never before or 

 since been equalled. There was no important in- 

 vention by any philosopher of that time which was 

 not in part anticipated by Hooke. His theory of 

 gravitation subsequently formed part of Newton's ; 

 he anticipated the invention of the steam-engine, 

 and the discovery of the laws of the constrained 

 motions of planets. Among his own completed 

 discoveries are the law of the extension and com- 

 pression of elastic bodies, ' ut tensio sic vis;' the 

 simplest theory of the arch ; the balance-spring of 

 watches and the anchor-escapement clocks ; the 

 permanency of the temperature of boiling water. 

 The quadrant, telescope, and microscope are also 

 materially indebted to him. Crooked in his person, 

 he was upright in character, although solitary and 

 penurious in his habits. His controversies with 

 Huygens, Hevelius, and others brought him but 

 little credit. 



Hooker, MOUNT, a peak in the Canadian 

 Rockies, 15,690 feet high, situated on the east 

 boundary of British Columbia. 



Hooker, JOSEPH, an American general, was 

 born at Hadley, Massachusetts, 13th November 

 1814, graduated at West Point in 1837, and served 

 with distinction in the war with Mexico, gaining 

 the brevets of captain, major, and lieutenant- 

 colonel, and his captain's commission. In 1853 he 

 retired from the army, and bought a farm in Cali- 

 fornia; but in 1861 he offered his services to the 

 Union government, and was at once appointed a 

 brigadier-general of volunteers, and major-general 

 in 1862. He commanded a division of the 3d corps 

 in the Peninsular campaign, and won for himself, 

 by his coolness and gallantry, the nickname of 

 'Fighting Joe.' In the battles of June 1862, 

 during the famous ' change of base,' his division 

 rendered important services ; and it was his defeat 

 of Evvell (August 27) that compelled the enemy to 

 evacuate Manassas. Advanced to the command of 

 the 1st corps, he gallantly carried the position on 

 the right of the gap at South Mountain ; and he 

 opened the battle at Antietam, where he was 

 wounded, and won his promotion to the grade of 

 brigadier-general in the regular army. He com- 

 manded the centre grand division in Burnside's 

 unsuccessful attack on Fredericksburg in December 

 1862 ; and in January 1863 he succeeded him in 

 the command of the Army of the Potomac. With 

 this force (about 120,000 men) he was confident of 

 effecting Lee's destruction ; and about the end of 

 April, throwing a detachment of 30,000 men 

 across the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg, he 



crossed at the fords above with his main body, and 

 marched through the Wilderness to near Chan- 

 oellorsville, where he awaited Lee's attack. The 

 Confederate troops numbered barely 50,000, but 

 the greater part of this force, under Jackson (q.v. ), 

 turned the National flank, and, attacking the rear 

 on May 2, threw part of Hooker's army into con- 

 fusion. On the following day an impetuous attack 

 by the whole Confederate line drove Hooker front 

 the field, and he withdrew to the north side of the 

 river. This defeat and retreat were regarded at 

 headquarters as inexcusable ; and, in spite of his- 

 skilful management of his army when Lee invaded 

 Pennsylvania, he was superseded by Meade before 

 the end of June. In November, with the 20th 

 corps, he gallantly carried Lookout Mountain, and 

 took part in the attack on Missionary Ridge. He 

 accompanied Sherman in his invasion of Georgia, 

 and served till the fall of Atlanta. He was 

 brevetted major-general in the regular army in 

 March 1865, and in 1868, having become incapaci- 

 tated by paralysis, retired with the full rank of 

 major-general. He died 31st October 1879. Un- 

 fortunate in his one separate command, Hooker 

 still retained too much self-esteem to be altogether 

 a model lieutenant ; yet this failing has been 

 nearly forgotten in the memory of his personal 

 bravery, his skill as an organiser, and his un- 

 doubtedly important services. 



Hooker, SIE JOSEPH DALTON. See under 

 HOOKER (SiR WILLIAM JACKSON). 



Hooker, RICHARD, the greatest of English 

 philosophical theologians, was born in or near the 

 city of Exeter about the end of March 1554. At 

 an early age he showed a ' quick apprehension of 

 many perplext parts of learning,' and through the 

 influence of his uncle, John Hooker or vowel 

 ( 1525-1601 ), chamberlain of the city, was brought 

 under the notice of Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury, 

 and sent, partly at his expense, to his own college, 

 that of Corpus Christi, Oxford, where Walton 

 tells us he was admitted a clerk in 1567. After 

 his patron's death in 1571 he was befriended 

 by Sandys, Bishop of London, who committed 

 Ins son Edwin to his care. Another pupil was 

 George Cranmer, grand-nephew of the archbishop, 

 and both became famous men, and remained his 

 constant friends in later life. In his nineteenth 

 year Hooker became scholar of his college, gradu- 

 ated M.A. in 1577, and was soon after admitted 

 Fellow. His progress in learning is seen by his 

 intimacy with Henry Savile, and by his being 

 chosen in 1579, in the illness of the Hebrew professor, 

 to read the lecture. Three months later Walton 

 tells us that he was for a short time expelled 

 by the vice-president for some forgotten college 

 quarrel, along with his tutor and friend, Dr John 

 Rainokis, but soon after restored. After about 

 three years' residence he took orders, and ere 

 long was appointed to preach at St Paul's Cross. 

 This necessity appears to have been a severe ordeal 

 to his modest nature, the more so that the weather 

 proved very unfavourable for his journey ; but, 

 says Walton, ' a warm bed, and rest, and drink 

 proper for a cold, given him by Mrs Churchman 

 [the Shunamite at whose house the preachers 

 were lodged], and her diligent attendance added 

 unto it, enabled him to perform the office of the 

 day, which was in or about the year 1581.' But the 

 scheming widow's kindness proved too much for the 

 simple-minded scholar. He was led into a marriage 

 with her daughter Joan, who brought him neither 

 beauty nor portion, was ' clownish and silly ' in 

 Wood's phrase, and, what was worse, proved both a 

 shrew and a scold. Every reader knows Walton's 

 account of the visit of Sandys and Cranmer to their 

 old master at his living of Drayton-Beauchamp, in 



