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HOOKER 



government of the world, but it must ever be kept 

 in harmony and conformity with reason. A neces- 

 sity of polity may be held in all churches and 

 governments without holding any one fixed form to 

 be necessary, for these forms are not natural but 

 positive, and therefore alterable and subject to ex- 

 pediency as interpreted by temperate reason. But 

 the eternal facts of morality are necessary and self- 

 evident postulates of the divine government of the 

 world, and thus rest on verities that cannot be 

 shaken. The whole furnishes a conclusive answer 

 to the Puritan extreme and exaggeration of the 

 central position of Protestantism, the making of 

 Scripture the sole guide of human conduct, which 

 rests and depends rather on the concurrence and 

 co-operation of all the various sources of knowledge 

 that Divine Providence has provided for man. It 

 is not too much to say that it is mainly to Hooker's 

 work that Anglican theology owes the tone and the 

 direction that it has never since entirely lost. 



His first book is built on a broad foundation of first 

 principles ; his second and third form polemic corol- 

 laries to the first ; and in the fourth and fifth we 

 have his detailed defence of church discipline and 

 ritual ; while the last tAvo contain a defence of its 

 government and its relation to the state. The fifth 

 book is a complete apology for the Anglican Church 

 and its usages, stamped throughout with charac- 

 teristic breadth and wisdom. Hooker maintains the 

 high religious value of ritual interpreted by the 

 principle of symbolism, and kept in narmony with 

 primitive usage so as to carry with it the weight 

 of undivided authority, yet asserts the right of the 

 living authority within the church itself both to 

 enact and to dispense, in order to avert anarchy 

 and disruption. In his defence of Episcopacy in the 

 seventh book he shelters himself behind no divine 

 right or assumption of formal scriptural authority, 

 but maintains its superiority as a form of church 

 government, both from its undeniable antiquity and 

 its practical utility in actual experience. In his 

 eighth book Hooker discusses the question of the 

 royal supremacy and the mutual relations of church 

 and state. To him, as to Arnold and Stanley, 

 church and state are merely co-extensive terms, and 

 men owe civil duties to the whole community as a 

 state, spiritual duties to it as a church. The royal 

 supremacy is nothing more than the assertion of 

 national unity and independence as against mere 

 sacerdotal pretensions, the whole body politic under 

 its executive head, the crown, being equally con- 

 cerned in the framing of all laws affecting the 

 church, itself considered but as a part of a greater 

 whole. On this question modern conditions have 

 entirely shifted the bases of discussion, and, whether 

 rightly or wrongly, Hooker's dream of a church and 

 state one and indivisible now seems to English- 

 men little more than a devout imagination. 



Hooker, THOMAS, one of the founders of Con- 

 necticut, was born at Markfield, Leicestershire, in 

 1586, studied at Cambridge, and became a Fellow 

 of Emmanuel College, and was for four years a 

 curate at Chelmsford. Ejected for nonconformity, 

 he lived in Holland until 1633, when he went to 

 Massachusetts, and received a charge at Cam- 

 bridge. In 1636 he removed with his congregation 

 to Connecticut, and founded the town of Hartford, 

 where he died, 7th July 1647. Hooker was a man 

 of great influence in New England, and published 

 many sermons and polemical works. A selection, 

 with a Life, was printed at Boston in 1849. 



Hooker, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON, a celebrated 

 English botanist, was born at Norwich in 1785. Of 

 independent means from an early age, he devoted 

 himself to natural science. His first work was a 

 Journal of a Tour in Iceland in 1811, written from 

 memory, his diaries and collections having been 



burned. It proved so popular that a second edition 

 was called for in 1813. He married in 1815, and 

 settled first at Halesworth in Suffolk, but was 

 appointed by the crown to the chair of Botany at 

 Glasgow University in 1820. In 1841 he was 

 appointed director of the Royal Gardens at Kew, 

 and his energy and enthusiasm extended it enor- 

 mously. He was made K. H. in 1836. Already 

 F.R.S. in 1810, he became later D.C.L. of Oxford, 

 LL.D. of Glasgow, and an honorary member of 

 most foreign scientific societies. He exercised 

 hiuch influence in botanical appointments and in 

 naming naturalists to accompany exploring expe- 

 ditions. His herbarium and his admirable library 

 were given to Kew. He died August 12, 1865. 

 His name survives in Mount Hooker in the Rocky 

 Mountains, and in Hookeria, a natural order of 

 mosses. 



His British Jitngermannice (1816); his edition of 

 Curtis's flora Londinensis ( 1817-28 ) ; Muscologia 

 Britannica (1818), in conjunction with Dr T. Taylor; 

 and Musci Exotici (1818-20) were his chief early works. 

 Later books were Exotic Flora ( 1822-27 ) ; the British 

 Flora, with Dr Walker- Arnott (1830); /cones Filicum, 

 with Dr Greville (1829-31); Icoms Plantarum (1837- 

 54); Species Filicum (1846-64); and Filices Exotica 

 (1857-59). Yet he found time in his busy life to edit 

 the Botanical Magazine (1827-65), the London Journal 

 of Botany (1842-48), and the Journal of Botany and 

 Kew Miscellany (1849-57). 



SIR JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, son of the preced- 

 ing, and also an eminent naturalist, was bom at 

 Halesworth in Suffolk, June 30, 1817. He was 

 educated at the High School and university of 

 Glasgow, and graduated as M.D. there in 1839. 

 He next joined the antarctic expedition of the 

 Erebus and Terror, returning after a four years' 

 absence to superintend the publication of his 

 magistral Flora Antarctica (1844-47), Flora Novas 

 ZelandicB (1853-55), and Flora Tasmania (1860). 

 He acted for some time as substitute for Professor 

 Graham in the chair of Botany at Edinburgh 

 University, was appointed in 1846 botanist to the 

 Geological Survey of Great Britain, and next year 

 started on a botanical expedition to the Himalayas, 

 which occupied him for three years. His Hima- 

 layan Journals ( 1854) contains the narrative of this 

 expedition, and the Rhododendrons of the Sikkim- 

 Himalaya ( 1849-51 ) illustrates the most remarkable 

 additions which he made to the ornamental plants 

 of our gardens on this occasion. With Dr Thom- 

 son of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens he undertook 

 a Flora Indica (vol. i. 1855), still a splendid 

 fragment. He published later a flora of British 

 India (1874). In 1871 he made an expedition to 

 Morocco, ascended the Great Atlas, the summit of 

 which had never before been reached by a Euro- 

 pean, and brought back a valuable collection of 

 plants. His Tour appeared in 1878. In 1877 he 

 accompanied Dr Asa Gray in a scientific tour 

 through Colorado, Utah, and California. 



Dr Hooker was appointed assistant-director at 

 Kew Gardens in 1855, and on the death of his 

 father in 1865 he succeeded him as director. He 

 succeeded him also in those liberal ideas which 

 have made Kew the real centre of the botanical 

 world. He was president of the British Associa- 

 tion meeting at Norwich in 1868, and in his much- 

 debated address professed himself entirely an 

 adherent of Darwin. From 1873 to 1878 he was 

 president of the Royal Society, was made C.B. in 

 1869 and K. C.S.I, in 1877. He is also LL.D. of 

 Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, and 

 D.C.L. of Oxford. One of his best-known works 

 is his useful Students' Flora of the British Islands 

 (1870); his most important, the Genera Plant- 

 arum, in conjunction with George Bentham (3 

 vols. 1862-83). See an article in Nature ( vol. xvi.). 



