HOOKS AND EYES 



liool-oi; 



773 



Hooks and Eyes. These drewt-fanteners 



\\en- used iniii-li mi .re largely alxtut 184K) ami 

 for -ome li-ML'tli of time previously than they are 

 no \v, owing to a change in the fashion <>f ladie-' 

 i-s ly which button* have to a great e\t.-nt 

 taken their place. Hooks and eyes \\ere formerly 

 made by ham I by Itending the wire of which they 

 are formed into the proper thapa with pliers. But 

 for many years they have lieen made by machines, 

 which arc coni|ih'\ in their details. By one kind 

 of machine the wire is first drawn on" a reel, next 

 cut to the required length, then by a sinker forced 

 into a slot by which it is bent, and at the same 

 time the two ends are formed by cams into the 

 lateral loops. This is the process for an eye, but 

 a hook requires an additional bend, and this is pro- 

 duced by another slot and sinker. Makers of these 

 articles do not, however, all use the same kind of 

 machines. See also FISH-HOOKS. 



Hoole* JOHN, translator and dramatist, was 

 born at Moortields, London, in 1727, and at the age 

 of seventeen became a clerk in the East India 

 Mouse, where he remained until 1783. He pub- 

 lished translations of the Jerusalem Delivered 

 (1763) and Rinaldo (1792) of Tasso, the dramas 

 of Metastasio (1767), and the Orlando Furioso of 

 Ariosto ( 1773-83). This last Southey speaks of as 

 ' that vile version of Hoole's,' and Scott describes 

 the translator himself as ' a noble transmuter of 

 gold into lead.' His dramas were Cyrus (1768), 

 Timanthes (1770), and Cleonice (1775) all of them 

 failures, although Johnson, who was Hoole's friend 

 and spoke well of his verses, praises the last in a 

 complimentary letter. Hoole died 2d April 1803. 

 See Anecdotes of the Life of John Hoole ( 1803). 



Hoop Ash. See NETTLE-TREE. 



Hooper* JOHN, an English bishop and martyr, 

 was born in Somersetshire about 1495, and educated 

 at Merton College, Oxford, whence in 1518 he passed 

 to a Cistercian monastery at Gloucester. The read- 

 ing of ZwingH made him a Reformer, and having 

 for some time served as chaplain to Sir Thomas 

 Arundel he twice went, in 1539-40, for safety's sake 

 to the Continent, and after travelling in France and 

 Germany married and settled for three years at 

 Zurich. In 1549 he returned to England, and 

 l)ecame a popular preacher in London. In 1550 he 

 was appointed Bishop of Gloucester, and for his diffi- 

 culty about the oath and his objections to wearing 

 the episcopal habit was imprisoned for some time in 

 the I* leet. His labours as a bishop were incessant, 

 and he wore out nature in devotion to his duty. 

 In 1552 he received the bishopric of Worcester in 

 commendam. Next year at the commencement of 

 Mary's reign he was committed to the Fleet, and 

 after eighteen months' imprisonment was tried for 

 heresy and condemned to death. He was burned 

 at the stake at Gloucester, February 9, 1555, his 

 sufferings being much prolonged by the use of 

 green wood. His Early Writings were edited by 

 the Rev. Samuel Carr in 1843 ; his Later Writings, 

 by the Rev. Charles Nevinson in 1852, both for 

 the Parker Society. 



Hooping-cough (or WHOOPING-COUGH ; tech- 

 nically, Pertussis) is an infectious and epidemic 

 disease, mostly attacking children under ten, 

 especially in spring and autumn. Its earliest 

 symptoms, which usually appear five or six days 

 after exposure to infection, are those of a com- 

 mon cola, as hoarseness, a watery discharge from 

 the eyes and nose, oppression 'of the chest, a 

 short dry cough, and more or less feverishness. 

 This stage, which is called the catarrhal, lasts a 

 week or ten days, when the fever remite, and the 

 cough becomes more troublesome, is worse at 

 night, and occurs in paroxysms consisting of a 

 series of short expiratory puffs followed by a deep 



inspiration of air through the contracted cleft of 

 tin- glottis (Larynx, q.v. ), causing the character- 

 istic 'whoop.' The attack n.-iially terminate- in 

 the expectoration of glairy mucus or in vomiting. 

 During the lit of coughing the face U-eoiw* red or 

 livid, the eye* project, and the child eize tumie 

 person or object near him for support. Thews par- 

 oxysms occur at uncertain intervals, and lx-teeu 

 them the child returns to his plav, taken his food 

 with good appetite, and exhibits little or no sign 

 of illness. The dUca^c reaches its height at about 

 the end of the fourth week, after which the par- 

 oxysms diminish in frequency, and the patient 

 shows signs of improvement. The second stage 

 may last from two to eight weeks, and, if no 

 relapse occur, is succeeded by what may be termed 

 the convalescent stage, the duration of which ix 

 very variable. 



This is one of those diseases which seldom occur 

 more than once in a lifetime ; and hence it prob- 

 .ably is that, as few children escape it, it is com- 

 paratively rarely noticed in adults. Morbid ana- 

 tomy has failed to throw any direct light upon 

 its special seat. The proportion of deaths to 

 recoveries has not l>een satisfactorily determined, 

 but when there is a severe epidemic the mortality 

 due to this disease is often very great, the prospect 

 being M-orse in the very young and in patients 

 affected with rickets. This mortality is in reality 

 due rather to the bronchitis, pneumonia (or in Ham 

 niation of the lungs), and convulsions, which are 

 frequent complications of hooping-cough, than to 

 the disease itself. 



The treatment of hooping-cough consists in 

 general measures to prevent complications, and in 

 special treatment for shortening the disease and 

 diminishing the violence of the spasms. The child 

 should be kept in the house witn the temperature 

 about 60 F. , while quiet and the avoidance of excite- 

 ment must be enforced. The diet should be simple, 

 nutritious, and not too starchy. If the natural 

 vomiting be not sufficient to relieve the chest and 

 stomach of mucus an occasional emetic of ipeca- 

 cuanha or sulphate of copper must be given. The 

 bowels should be kept moderately open. In the 

 catarrhal stage a simple expectorant is all that is 

 needed, but when the whoop is developed give 

 belladonna in large doses. Alkalies are also use- 

 ful, and bromide of ammonium if nervous symptoms 

 complicate the spasms. As hooping-cough has the 

 characteristics or a germ disease, antiseptic inhala- 

 tions and sprays seem to offer good ground for hope 

 in shortening the malady. Stimulating liniments 

 such as Roche's Embrocation are useful if the catarrh 

 of the chest is severe, and in the stage of decline 

 alum is of benefit internally. During convales- 

 cence nothing is so important as a change of air, 

 while precautions are taken against glandular 

 enlargements by building up the system. 



Hoopoe ( I' i' a i"i ), a genus of semi-terrestrial 

 insectivorous birds of the family Upupidie, tribe 

 Tenuirostres, and order Insesson-s, most nearly 

 related to the Hornbills, but presenting a strong 

 contrast to those ungainly hints by their graceful 

 carriage, elegant figure, and lieautiful crest. They 

 are most characteristic of the Ethiopian region, but 

 they are found in central and southern Europe and 

 in Asia as far as Ceylon and Mongolia. The six 

 species are most at home in desert country, where 

 tiieir sand-coloured plumage is a protection to them. 

 The Common Hoopoe (L'inijHt y/) is about a 

 foot long ; its plumage exhibits a fine mixture of 

 white, buff, and black ; on the tu\\ uy -coloured head 

 is an enormous erectile crest, the feathers of which 

 have a black tip beyond a narrow white bar. The 

 plumage of the female is a little paler in colour 

 than t hat of the male. This bird visits Britain 

 during the spring and autumn migration, but 



