774 



HOOPS 



HOP 



seldom breeds in any part of the island. The 

 Hoopoe derives its name from the very frequent 



Common Hoopoe ( Upupa epops ). 



utterance of the sound hoo-hoo-hoo which it pro- 

 duces, puffing out the sides of its neck and 

 hammering on the ground with its bill at each 

 note. 



Hoops. See CRINOLINE. 



Hoorn. a decaying town and seaport of North 

 Holland, on a bay of the Zuider Zee, 27 miles NNE. 

 of Amsterdam by rail. In the 17th century it had 

 20,000 inhabitants, and still it is full of antique 

 carved houses ; but, like the other ' dead cities 

 of the Zuider Zee,' it has greatly fallen off in 

 prosperity. There is still, however, a trade in 

 butter and cheese. Here the large nets for 

 herring-fishing were invented. Pop. 11,311. 



Hoosac mountain, a part of the Green 

 Mountain range in western Massachusetts, through 

 which is pierced the most notable railway tunnel 

 in America. The Hoosac tunnel, which has a 

 length of very nearly 5 miles, was commenced in 

 1851 for the line between Boston and Albany, was 

 twice abandoned, and was finally opened in 1875, 

 having cost the state of Massachusetts about 

 $18,000,000. See TUNNEL. 



Hoove, or distention of the stomachs, but 

 particularly of the rumen or first stomach, with 

 gas, is a common complaint among cattle and 

 sheep, and results from the eating of food to which 

 the animal has been unaccustomed, from wet 

 clover or vetches, or from any easily fermentable 

 food. Relief generally follows walking exercise, 

 friction on the belly, and a dose of any ordinary 

 stimulant, which for a cow may consist of a couple 

 of ounces of turpentine, whisky, ether, or ginger, 

 to which should also be added, in order to clear 

 the bowels of the offending food, a laxative, such 

 as a pint of oil or a pound of salts. A fourth or 

 fifth of these quantities will suffice for sheep. 

 The introduction of the probang, with the small 

 end downwards, allows the escape of gas when there 

 is little food in the stomach. If simple remedies 

 fail, the breathing becomes distressed and the 

 animal stupid ; the gas may with safety be allowed 

 to escape by an external opening made at a point 

 intermediate between the last rib, the lumbar 

 vertebrae, and the prominence of the haunch, 

 either with a canula and trochar or a large pocket 

 or table knife. For several days after an attack 

 of hoove the digestive organs are apt to be easily 

 deranged, and the animal must have soft and digest- 

 ible food, and an occasional dose of simple laxative 

 medicine. 



The horse's bowels when distended with gases 

 are now punctured with the best results. 



Hop (Humulus lupulus), a perennial dioecious 

 plant of the natural order Cannabinacese, the 

 only species of its genus. It has long, rough, 

 twining stems, and stalked 3- to 5-lobed rough 

 leaves, and is a plant of luxuriant growth and 

 abundant foliage. The male flowers grow in loose 

 branching axillary panicles, and consist of five 

 stamens surrounded by a 5-lobed perianth. The 

 female flowers are in strobiles, or cones, with large 

 persistent, concave, entire scales, which enlarge as 

 ,the fruit ripens. The part of the hop so much 

 used in brewing, and sold under the name of hops, 

 is the ripened cone of the female plant. Female 

 plants alone, therefore, are cultivated to any con- 

 siderable extent, it being enough if a few male 

 plants are scattered over a field. 



The hop is first mentioned by Pliny as one of 

 the garden plants of the Romans, who ate the 

 young shoots as we eat asparagus ; as, indeed, 

 many country people in England do at the present 

 day. It is a native of Europe and of some parts of 

 Asia, a doubtful native of Britain and of North 

 America. It is extensively cultivated in the south 

 of England, the total area under hops being 66,696 

 acres in 1880, and 57,724 in 1889 (Kent, 35,487; 

 Sussex, 7282; Hereford, 6850; Worcester, 2939; 

 Hants, 2905; Surrey, 2101, &c.). Hops are also 

 grown to a considerable extent in Germany 

 (116,000 acres), France, Flanders, and southern 

 Russia, and now successfully in the United States 

 (46,800 acres in 1880; about four- fifths in western 

 New York ), and in Australia and New Zealand. 



The cultivation of the hop was introduced into 

 England from Flanders in the time of Henry VIII., 

 but did not become sufficient for the supply of 

 the kingdom till the end of the 17th century. For 

 some time after hops began to be used in brewing 

 a strong prejudice existed against the innovation ; 



Hop (Humulus lupulus). 



and parliament was petitioned against hops, as ' a 

 wicked weed, that would spoil the taste of the 

 drink, and endanger the people.' 



The hop requires deep rich soil on a dry bottom, 

 and succeeds best in a sheltered situation with a 

 south or south-west aspect ; yet there should be a 

 free circulation of air. The ground is generally 

 well pulverised and manured to a considerable 

 depth by the plough or spade before planting. The 

 plants are usually set in stools of from three to 

 five, a few inches apart, in rows six feet asunder, 

 with the same space between the stools. They are 

 obtained from cuttings or suckers taken from the 



