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HORATII 



lloratii. the three brothers selected by Tullus 

 Hostilius, king of Home, to fight against the three 

 brothers Curatii, the champions of Alba Longa, 

 when it was agreed to decide the quarrel between 

 the two cities by the issue of single combat by 

 three warriors chosen from either side. The legend 

 goes that two of the Horatii were speedily slain ; 

 the remaining brother, yet unscathed, by a simu- 

 lated flight, succeeded in engaging each of his 

 wounded opponents singly, and in overcoming them 

 all. As he entered the gate of Rome in triumph, 

 bearing the trophies of the slain, he was met by nis 

 sister, whose beloved was one of the dead champions 

 of Alba. She cursed his slayer, her victorious 

 brother, and was by him thereupon stabbed to the 

 heart. Horatius, condemned by the duumviri to be 

 scourged to death, was afterwards saved by the 

 people, and lived to destroy Alba Longa and carry 

 its inhabitants to Rome. This story, although con- 

 taining a very large admixture of mythical ele- 

 ments, points to the close relationship that existed 

 between Rome and Alba Longa, as well as to the 

 fact of an internecine struggle having taken place 

 before the latter was incorporated in the political 

 organisation of the former. 



It was a descendant of the survivor of the three 

 Horatii, named Horatius Codes, who in 507 B.C., 

 along with Titus Herminius and Spurius Lartius, 

 formed the ' dauntless three,' who ' kept the 

 bridge so well in the brave days of old,' against 

 the army of Lars Porsena, king of Latium, 

 whilst their compatriots broke down the Sublician 

 bridge behind them. Horatius escaped by swim- 

 ming the ' yellow Tiber,' was received with jubilant 

 shouts by his fellow-citizens, and overwhelmed with 

 honours and rewards. 



Horbliry, a village of the West Riding of 

 Yorkshire, 4 miles SW. of Wakefield, manufac- 

 tures woollens, worsteds, flannels, &c. Pop. 5650. 

 Horde, a town of Westphalia, 2^ miles. SE. of 

 Dortmund, has large ironworks (employing more 

 than 4000 men) and coal-mines, with iron, steel, 

 and zinc manufactories. Pop. (1890) 16,346. 



Hordein* a term that has been applied to a 

 substance that can be ex- 

 tracted from barley (Lat. 

 hordeum ), which is merely 

 a mixture of starch, cellu- 

 lose, and a somewhat nitro- 

 genous matter. 

 Horeb. See SINAI. 

 Horehound (Marru- 

 bium), a genus of plants of 

 the natural order Labiatae, 

 having a tubular 10-ribbed 

 calyx, with 5 or 10 spiny 

 equal teeth, 4 stamens in- 

 cluded in the corolla, the 

 upper lip of the corolla 

 erect, the lower lip 3-cleft. 

 The species are mostly per- 

 ennial, herbaceous plants, 

 natives of the south of 

 Europe and the East. One 

 species, the Common or 

 White Horehound (M. vul- 

 gar e), is a rather rare 

 native of Britain, and is 

 found generally throughout 

 Europe, except in the more 

 northern regions, growing 

 in waste places, waysides, 

 &c. It is frequently cul- 

 tivated in gardens among 

 collections of herbs. It is 



about 1 to 1 feet high, bushy, with roundish, 

 ovate, crenate, wrinkled leaves, and almost globose 



Common Horehound 

 ( Marrubium vulgare ). 



HORN 



whorls of white flowers. The whole plant has a 

 whitish appearance, from the down with which its 

 leaves are covered. It has an aromatic but not very 

 agreeable smell. It is tonic, stimulant, and laxa- 

 tive, and is much used in coughs, being a popular 

 remedy, and a very safe and efficacious one. It 

 was formerly also employed in affections of the 

 womb and of the liver. It is administered in the 

 form of an infusion, or made into a syrup with 

 sugar, and sometimes the syrup is candied. Black 

 Horehound is the popular name of Ballota nigra, 

 another native of Britain, and belonging to the 

 same natural order. For Water Horehound, see 

 GYPSY-WORT. 



Horizon, the circular line formed by the 

 apparent meeting of the earth and sky ; this, in 

 astronomy, is sensible horizon. The rational hori- 

 zon is the circle formed by a plane passing through 

 the centre of the earth, parallel to the sensible 

 horizon, and produced to meet the heavens. The 

 artificial horizon is a small trough containing 

 quicksilver, the surface of which affords a reflection 

 of the celestial bodies. It may be used for calculat- 

 ing the altitude of the stars when the sea-horizon 

 is obscured by fog or otherwise not available to the 

 sailor determining his position. The dip of the 

 horizon is the angle through which the sea-horizon 

 appears depressed in consequence of the elevation 

 or the spectator. The true dip of the horizon, 

 however, is not exactly the same as its apparent 

 depression. The apparent sea-horizon is raised 

 above its true place by refraction through an angle 

 which varies according to the state of the atmo- 

 sphere and the relative temperatures of the air and 

 water, the variation ranging from one-third to one- 

 twenty-third of the amount of the true dip. The 

 rule commonly employed is to diminish the true 

 dip by about one-fourteenth of its amount to find 

 the apparent dip. 



Hormayr, JOSEPH, FREIHERR VON, historian, 

 was born at Innsbruck, 20th January 1782. In 1803 

 he was appointed keeper of the state and royal 

 archives of Austria, and in 1816 imperial historio- 

 grapher. But* having conceived an unconquer- 

 able hatred of Metternich, who had caused him to 

 be imprisoned for thirteen months upon suspicion 

 of being concerned in a new revolt in Tyrol, 

 Hormayr in 1828 entered the service of Bavaria, 

 and, after four years' activity in the department 

 for foreign affairs, was nominated minister of 

 Bavaria to Hanover from 1832, and to the Hanse 

 towns from 1837. From 1846 to his death on 5th 

 October 1848 he was head of the Bavarian archives. 

 He published several works on the history of Tyrol 

 (including Das Land Tirol, 1845), an 'Austrian 

 Plutarch, and a general history of modern times. 



Horn, a general term applied ( 1 ) to certain 

 structures, whatever their composition, growing on 

 the heads of oxen, sheep, giraffes, rhinoceroses, &c., 

 and to similar structures on other animals such as 

 beetles; (2) to a substance of a certain definite 

 chemical composition forming 'horns,' hoofs, nails, 

 claws, and other similar structures. 



( 1 ) Of horns as they exist among mammals there 

 are two distinct classes : (a) horns formed of epi- 

 dermal tissue ; and (b) bony horns or antlers, (a) 

 Epidermal horns are of two kinds. The horn of 

 the rhinoceros, which is an example of the first 

 kind, consists of a compact, uniform agglutination 

 of epidermal fibres or bristles. The slightly con- 

 cave base of the horn fits over a slightly-projecting 

 roughened portion of the nasal bones underneath. 

 In the growing horn, while the fibres at the back 

 decay, new fibres are so added at the front and 

 sides that, relatively to the fore-part of the head, 

 the position of the horn remains always the same. 

 In grown animals new material is added only at 



