HORSETAILS 



nok\ A i ii 



801 



hammered well down into it, Thi.s obviously ^i 

 the shoe a much lirnuT hold than the usual 

 of twisting oil' the projecting nail close to the cru-t, 

 ninl afterwards rapping down miy asperities that 

 still remain. When tin- shoe i liruily clinched 

 tin- rasp may li- \ery lightly run round the lower 

 margin of tin- iTiist just where it meets the shoe, 

 to smooth down any irregularities; Imt all further 

 H-.C iif tin- rasp niii-i IK- interdicted. The clinched 

 nails if touched will only have their firm hold 

 weakened ; nor must the upper iMirtions of the 

 crust, which hlacksmitliH are BO fond of turning 

 out rasi>ed and whitened, be thus senselessly 

 deprived^ of those external unctuous secretions 

 which render the unrasped foot so tough and 

 si in in I and so free from samlcracks. The hoof 

 cannot he too dry and tough. From time to time 

 various attempts have been made to fix shoes to 

 horses' feet without nails; and a shoe has been 

 invented, which is said to have answered the pur- 

 pose; but in the opinion of many the system is 

 still immature, and requires to be more extensively 

 tested. An interesting exhibition of horseshoes, 

 aiifient and modern, was held in London in March 

 1890. 



See Notes on the Shoeing of Hortes, by Lieut.-col. Fitz- 

 wygraui ; a papor on ' Horseshoeing,' by Miles, in the 

 Journal <>f the Hoyal Agri. Soc. (reprinted by Murray); 

 and Williams' Veterinary Surgery. 



Horsetails (Eijuisetum), a genus of herba- 

 ceous plants which in itself constitutes the singular 

 natural order Equisetaceae. The family is dis- 

 tinguished from all others by the leafless, artic- 

 ulated, and whorled stems and branches, which 

 in structure and character closely resemble some 

 of the larger fossil plants now extinct. They are 

 separated from all other plants also by their fructi- 

 fication, which is an ovoid or oblong terminal 

 cone-like spike, consisting of several whorls of 

 peltate, shield shaped, short-stalked brown or black 

 scales, under each of which are six or seven cap- 

 sules filled with minute spores, and opening on the 

 inner side. Under the microscope there will be 

 seen attached to the base of each spore four thread- 

 like filaments, somewhat club-shaped at the apex, 

 rolled spirally round the spore wheift moist, but un- 

 coiling elastically when dry. 



The species of horsetail are few in number, 

 although widely diffused in the temperate and 

 colder regions of the northern hemisphere, becom- 

 ing rare in the tropics. Nine species occur in 

 Britain, usually in moist or marshy places, but 

 they adapt themselves easily to a great variety of 

 stations, and are almost ineradicable where they 

 obtain a footing in either Held or garden. Diuretic 

 and other medicinal properties have been ascribed 

 to them, but apparently on slight grounds. They 

 all contain a large quantity of silica in the cuticle 

 of their stems, which has rendered them useful in 

 polishing metals, marbles, ivory, cabinet-work, A.< . 

 i'. hyeinale is the most favoured species for these 

 purposes, and it is imported in considerable quan- 

 tity from Holland under the name Dutch Rtishes. 



II orsliain. a market-town of Sussex, near the 

 source of the Arun, 26 miles NNW. of Brighton 

 and 35 SSW. of London. The noble parish church, 

 Karly English in style, was restored in 1S65; other 

 buildings are the corn exchange (1766), grammar 

 school (1540; rebuilt 1840-57), &c. Brewing, tan- 

 ning, iron-founding, and coach building are carried 

 on. Horsham returned two iiieiulx-rs of parliament 

 from the 14th century till 1832, and one down till 

 1885. East of the town is St Leonard's Forest, and 

 2 miles NW. Field Place, Shelley's birthplace. 

 Pop. (1871) 6874; (1891) 8637. See Historl,- of 

 Horsham by Howard Dudley ( 1836) and an anony- 

 mous writer (1868). 

 259 



Horsier, SAMUEL, an English prelate, WM the 

 mm of a clergyman, and WOM liorn at I>mdon in 

 17:W. He was educated at >Vc*tiiiin>ttT S-hool 

 and Trinity Hall, Cambridge; and in l7"-! MIC- 

 ceeded his father HM rector of Newington, in Surrey 

 a living which he held for thirty-four yean, 

 though he also enjoyed in the intei\;il many "other 

 piei'.-nnents, including the an-hdeaconry of St 

 Allians (1781). In 1767 Horsley was elected a 

 Fellow of the Hoyal Society ; in J774 he published 

 his Remark* on the <>l,*n rutmnt made in tin lt> 

 I 'i/i i ye towards the A'/7/i J'ole, for detenu ti"'/ 

 the Acceleration of the Pendulum ; and two \eais 

 afterwards he issued proposals for a complete 

 edition of the works of Sir Isaac Newton, wtneh, 

 however, did not make ii- appearance till 1785. 

 But the grand event in his Career was the contro- 

 versy with Priestley, in whicn he displayed remark- 

 able learning and acuteness, somcwliat marred 

 by intolerance and contemptuous bitterness. The 

 work that excited the controversy was Dr Priest- 

 ley's History of the Corruptions of Clinquant >/, 

 among which corruptions was included the ortho- 

 dox doctrine of Christ's uncreated divinity. 

 Horsley reviewed the work with great severity in 

 his- charge delivered to the clergy of his arch- 

 deaconry, May 22, 1783. Priestley replied the 

 same year; and in 1784 Horsley retorted in seven- 

 teen Letters. These were, in return, met by a new 

 series from Priestley. After a silence of eighteen 

 months Horsley again replied, and in 1789 collected 

 and published the whole that he hail written on 

 the subject. His services were rewarded with the 

 bishopric of St Davids in 1788, with that of 

 Rochester in 1793, and with that of St Asaph in 

 1802. He died at Brighton, October 4, J806. Other 

 works besides sermons, were on Hosea, the Psalms, 

 biblical criticism, and classical subjects. 



Horsley, VICTOR ALEXANDER HADKN, 

 F.K.S., born at Kensington, 14th April 1857, is a 

 son of John Callcott Horsley, K.A. (born 1817), and 

 as a physiologist is distinguished for his work in 

 the localisation of brain functions and in the treat 

 merit of Myxccdema. He studied at University 

 College, London, has contributed largely to medical 

 journals, was Croonian lecturer to the Koyul 

 Society, and Fnllerian professor (1890-93) at the 

 Royal Institution, and is professor of Pathology in 

 University College. He is a member of many 

 societies at home and abroad, and was secretary to 

 the Royal Commission on Hydrophobia. He is a 

 strenuous defender of necessary experiments on 

 living animals. 



Hurt. FENTON JOHN ANTHONY, D.D. (1828-92), 

 born in Dublin, graduated at Cambridge as third 

 classic, and was a fellow of Trinity (1852-57), and 

 from 1878 Hulsean professor of Divinity. With 

 Bishop Westcott he constructed a revised Greek 

 text of the New Testament. See his Life and 

 Letters (2 vols. 1896). 



Hortense. See BONAPARTE, Vol. II. p. 288. 



llortensiiis, QUINTUS (114-50 B.C.), Roman 

 orator, largely devoted himself to the defence of 

 aristocratic offenders, such as Verres. His count- 

 less speeches are known to us only by the merest 

 fragments. 



Horticulture. See GARDENING. 



Hortus Siccns. See HERBARIUM." 



Horns. See EGYPT, Vol. IV. p. 234. 



Horvath, MICHAEL (1809-78), Hungarian 

 historian, was professor of Hungarian in Vienna, 

 Bishop of Csanad, ami, in the revolutionary war, 

 minister of public instruction. He returned from 

 exile in 1867, and is remembered for his History 

 ,-/" Hungary to 182S (1842-46), and its continua- 

 tions, Twenty-five Years of Hungctncm History, 



