HOSPITALS 



HOSTILIUS 



807 



large aarden-gronnd*, gymnastic grounds ami hulls, 

 in ami out HI ijoorM ; the gymnastics should IM- under 

 a professor, ami out-patients should IHJ always 

 admitted. A 'sister' must superintend each of 

 .ill thcM- places. Singing in chorus is to l>o taught. 

 li I* ft matter of universal ho>pital experience that 

 Intermingling of ;w< is essential. It you have a 

 children's hospital, let the age of admission include 

 fifteen years, especially on tin- female Hide. In all 

 hospitals ( in a child's hospital much more than in 

 others) the patient must not stay u day longer than 

 is ah.soluicK necessary. Every child's hospital 

 ought to have a convalescent branch at a distance ; 

 if possible by the sea. Sick children can never be 

 left alone for a moment. One might almost say a 

 nurse is required for every child. This is why in a 

 general hospital it is much better for the children 

 to be mixed with the adults ; and, if they are judi- 

 ciously distributed, it does the woman in the next 

 bed as much good as it does the child, or the man 

 as it does the little boy. If there must be a chil- 

 dren's ward in a general hospital, let it be for the 

 infants. 



Convalescent Hospitals must le as like a home 

 and as unlike a hospital as possible. A string of 

 detached cottages is the best, admitting of exten- 

 sion by the addition of similar parts. Convalescent 

 wards in a general hospital are not good ; nor are 

 day-rooms. Healthy open position and climate 

 must be carefully selected. The convalescents are 

 only to sleep at night in their rooms, while in the 

 day they are 'out and about,' or occupying them- 

 selves the men in the garden, the women at house- 

 hold work. Hut there must be strict discipline. 

 There must be two small wards for relapses next 

 the ' sister's ' room, in the centre cottage. The 

 convalescent beds may be divided by curtains, to 

 be pulled far back in the day-time. A wash-hand 

 stand to be permitted within no lavatory. Three 

 or four beds a good number for each convalescent 

 room. Men and women should have separate 

 cottages, and only meet at meals. Every hospital 

 should have its convalescent branch, and every 

 -county its convalescent home. 



Hospitals for Incurables should admit all diseases 

 certified by competent medical judges to be hope- 

 lessly incurable except mental diseases, which 

 require special arrangements. One well-known 

 hospital for incurables excludes epilepsy because 

 it frightens the other patients ; avoids, if possible, 

 congenital and infantile disease ; prefers patients 

 of and above middle age ; and excludes children 

 And all under twenty years. The cases treated by 

 incurable hospitals are principally cases of chronic 

 rheumatism, gout, paralysis, and various affections 

 which cripple the limbs, &c. These hospitals, 

 while treating cases within their walls, are no 

 doubt productive of great benefit to the commun- 

 ity ; but the system of granting pensions from the 

 hospital funds to out-patients is very questionable. 



A Samaritan fund is generally provided to assist 

 poor patients leaving hospitals who may be deficient 

 in clothing or other necessaries. In public /v/.v- 

 /-n.<iiirii:<i (ij.v.), at stated hours, medical advice 

 ami medicines are given gratis to applicants; in 

 recent years provident dispensaries have been 

 established, supported by subscriptions, entitling 

 the subscriber to advice and medicine. Valuable 

 establishments are those called in France Maisons 

 de Santf private hospitals for the reception and 

 treatment of patient* who are able and disposed 

 to pay a small sum for board and medical or 

 surgical attendance. 



HOSPITAL SUNDAY. On one Sunday in the year 

 it is the practice for churches of almost every 

 denomination in London and throughout the pro- 

 vinces to have special collections for the support 

 of the hospitals of the country. In London the 



movement originated in 1873; Aberdeen claims to 

 have begun the practice in 1764. 



See ANTI8EPTICH, DlMINKECTASTH, GlRM, HTOIEME, 



INFECTION, MEUICINK, NUKMINO, Prjtuu, SUROEKT ; 

 Hurdett, Hoipitaii and Asylums of tkt World (4 vols. 

 1K1M); Hillings and Kurd, Hospitalt, Diipemariei, and 

 Nurtiny ( 1895) ; Mouat and Knell, Hotpital Construction 

 and Management (1884); Clifford Smith on Admintttm- 

 tion of Hospitals |1M8)| Douglas Gallon, Conslrinin,,, 

 of Hospitals (1870), and Hrnllhy Hot,ntU (I89.i); 

 Wylie, Hotpitalt (New York, 177); the prevent 

 writer's Notts on Hotpitalt (new cd. 1863), and Lying-in 

 Inatitutvmt ( 1871 ) ; and such report* as those of the 

 Commissions on the Sanitary Condition of Barracks and 

 Hospitals (1863), on Regulations affecting the Kanitanr 

 Condition of the Army and Organisation of Hospitals 

 (1858), and on Smallpox and Fever Hospitals ( 1882). 



llos|M>dar, a Slavonic title once commonly 

 given to the governors of Moldavia and Wallachia, 

 whereas the king of Roumania is now known under 

 the native Romanic title of Domnu. Lithuanian 

 princes and Polish kings also bore the title. 



Host ( Lat. hostia, ' a victim ' ), the name given 

 in the Roman Catholic Church to the consecrated 

 bread of the eucharist. It is so called in conformity 

 with the doctrine of that church that the eucharist 

 is a 'sacrifice,' in the strict sense of the word, 

 though, in the common language of Catholics, 

 ' host ' is used for the unconsecrated altar-bread, 

 and even so occurs in the offertory of the Roman 

 missal. The host in the Latin Church is a thin 

 circular wafer (in Old English, 'syngeing cake') 

 of unleavened bread, made of the finest flour, and 

 bearing stamped upon it the figure of the Cruci- 

 fixion or some emblematic device, as the Lamb, 

 or the letters IHS. These are the ' points ' and 

 ' figures' forbidden in the first book of Edward VI. 

 In all ancient liturgical rites the consecrated host 

 was broken before being consumed by the priest. 

 In the Roman Church the celebrant, who uses at 

 mass a larger host than that reserved for other 

 communicants, first breaks it into two halves, and 

 then from one half detaches a fragment which he 

 drops into the chalice. In the Cireek and other 

 oriental churches, as well as in various Protes- 

 tant communities, the eucharist is celebrated in 

 leavened bread ; and one of the grounds of 

 separation from the West alleged by Michael 

 Cerularius was the western practice of using un- 

 leavened bread. The use of unleavened bread is 

 founded on the belief that Christ can only have 

 used such bread when instituting the eucharist at 

 the Paschal feast. Luther followed the Roman 

 Church in this point, but did not break the host. 

 It was decided by the Privy-council, in the Purchas 

 case ( 1871 ), that the use of the wafer is forbidden 

 in the Church of England. The elevation of the 

 host is the act by which the priest immediately 

 after pronouncing the words of consecration raises 

 the host with both hands above his head, whilst 

 the server tinkles his bell to call attention to the 

 ceremony, that the congregation may adore Christ 

 present. 



Hostage* a person given to an enemy as a 

 pledge for the proper fulfilment of treaty condi- 

 tions. Formerly the evasion of the terms of the 

 treaty by one of the contracting parties used to be 

 regarded as entitling the enemy to put to death 

 the hostages that had IK-CM gi\en up to them. 

 The shooting of Archbishop Darboy (q.v. ) and his 

 fellow hostages in 1871 was the most execrable 

 crime of the Paris Communists. 



llostililis. Ti l.l.i -, the third of the legendary 

 kings of Rome, succeeded Numa Pompilius in 670 

 B.c. He it was who made the famous arrange- 

 ment by which the combat of the Hnratii with the 

 ( 'ui iatii decided the question of supremacy between 

 Rome and Alba in favour of the former, tie fought 



