HO\V \l;l> 



813 



moat strenuous in that capacity i" his resistance to 

 tin- House, of Lancaster. Kinully In- was cieuted 

 Kail Mai-hul of England, uii honorary distinction 

 .still borne liy lii> descendants, and in 14H4 \VIIM 

 constituted Lord Admiral of England, Ireland, and 

 Aqiiitainc. He fell next year, however, on Bon- 

 wortli Field, and after his death his honours were 

 attainted, its also were those of hit* son Thomas, 

 who hail heen created Karl of Surrey. The latter, 

 however, after suffering three years of imprison- 

 ment in the Tower of London, obtained a reversal 

 of his own and his father's attainders, and, being 

 restored to his honours accordingly, became distin- 

 guished as a general, and is more particularly 

 celelirated in history for his defeat of the Scotch 

 at Flodden in 1513. His son Thomas, third Duke 

 of Norfolk, was attainted by Henry VIII., hut was 

 afterwards restored in blood, and by his marriage 

 with a daughter of King Edward Iv r . became the 

 father of the ill-fated and accomplished Earl of 

 Sin rey (q.v. ), whose execution was the last of the 

 many acts of tyranny which disgrace the memory 

 of Henry VIII. The same sentence had been passed 

 on the duke, when the death of the royal tyrant 

 saved him from the block. His grandson Thomas, 

 fourth Duke of Norfolk, in like manner suffered 

 attainder, and was executed on Tower Hill for high- 

 t reason, for his communication with Mary, Queen 

 of Scots. The family honours, however, were again 

 restored, partly by .lames I. to his grandson, and 

 partly by Charles II. to his great-great-grandson, 

 Thomas, who thus became eighth duke, and whose 

 cousin and successor, Charles, ninth duke, was the 

 direct ancestor of the present Duke of Norfolk. 



It would be impossible here to give a list of all 

 the honours which from time to time have been 

 conferred on various branches of the ducal House 

 of Howard ; it is sufficient to say that, in one or 

 other of their widespread branches, the Howards 

 either have enjoyed within the last three centuries, 

 or still enjoy, the earldoms of Carlisle, Suffolk, 

 Berkshire, Northampton, Arundel, Wicklow, Nor- 

 wich, and EHingham, and the baronies of Bindon, 

 Howard de Walden, Howard of Castle Rising, and 

 Howard of Effingham. 



It will be seen from the above remarks that the 

 ducal House of Norfolk is one whose fate it has 

 been, beyond all others among the English nobility, 

 to find its name interwoven with the thread of 

 English history, and not rarely in colours of blood. 

 The accomplished but unfortunate Surrey, and his 

 scarcely less unhappy father, Thomas Howard 

 whose head was only saved from the block on which 

 his son so nobly suflered by the death of the eighth 

 Henry are ' household words ' in the pfiges of 

 English history ; and readers of Shakespeare will 

 have other recollections of the same name allied 

 with other historical events; while those who are 

 familiar with the writings of Pope will not have 

 forgotten how tersely and pointedly he typifies the 

 glory of ancestral pedigree* \,y ' All the blood of all 

 the Howards.' Other meml>er8 of the House of 

 Howard have gained a place in the pages of English 

 history. Sir Edward Howard, K.(!., In-other of the 

 first Earl of Surrey, was made by Henry VIII. 

 the king's standard-bearer and admiral of tne fleet, 

 in which capacity he lost his life in boarding a 

 French vessel off Brest in action in 1513 ; his 

 brother. Sir Edmund, acted as marshal of the horse 

 at Fhxlden ; and his half-brother, Sir Thomas 

 Howard, was attainted, and died a prisoner in the 

 Tower, for aspiring to the hand of the Lady 

 Margaret Douglas, daughter of Margaret, Queen 

 of Scotland, and niece of Henry VIII., one of whose 

 ill-fated consorts was the Lady Catharine Howard. 



Howard, CATHARINK, fifth queen of Henry 

 VIII., was a granddaughter of the second Duke of 

 Norfolk. The year of her birth, not known with 



certainty, wan probably 1521 or 1522. Catharine 

 wa* brought up partly in her father'* houne, partly 



in that of her grandmother, the I in. hem* of Norfolk. 

 in l.vio the king married Anne of Clever. But it 

 was a marriage for which he hail no liking; nnd 

 (lardiner, the Roman < 'atlmlic Bishop of Winchester. 

 being just then recalled to favour, he and his party 

 endeavoured to bring the king and Catharine to- 

 .ether. Amu- of eleven wat* divorced on the 9th 

 of .Inly, and Henry married Catharine Howard on 

 the 28th of the same month. But in NovemlM-r 

 the (|iieen was accused to Henry of having \wi\ 

 guilty of immoral conduct with two gentlemen 

 of her grandmother's household, but previous to 

 her marriage with the king. The evidence against 

 her was convincing, and on this charge she was 

 beheaded on 13th Jebruary 1542. 



Howard* JOHN, the philanthropist and prison 

 reformer, was born at Hackney, in Middlesex, on 

 2d September 1726, though both place and date 

 are given differently by different authorities. His 

 education was mostly got through private tuition. 

 The inheritance of an ample fortune, which fell to 

 him on the death of his father in 1742, enabled him 

 to gratify his taste for continental travel. In 1756, 

 after his wife's death, he set sail for Lisbon, which 

 had just been devastated by the great earthquake, 

 but was captured on the way by a French privateer, 

 and carried to Brest, where he was thrown into 

 prison. There even a short captivity sufficed to 

 leave upon his mind a lasting impression of the 

 inhuman treatment to which prisoners of war were 

 subjected in French prisons. After his return home 

 Howard married a second time, and settled at Car- 

 dington, 3 miles from Bedford. That village reaped 

 the first-fruits of those philanthropic exertions 

 which afterwards culminated in such noble labour, 

 the work of prison reform. In 1773 Howard was 

 nominated high-sheriff for the count}- of Bedford, and 

 his interest in prisons and their inmates was now 

 first fairly roused to the pitch of practical effort. 

 He was struck with the injustice under which many 

 poor prisoners suttered, in that they were detained 

 in prison untried, or even after being pronounced 

 innocent, until they or their friends had paid cer 

 tain fees to the gaolers and other officials. Howard 

 at once began a long series of tours throughout 

 Great Britain and Ireland, for the purpose of inves- 

 tigating the condition of prisons, and inquiring 

 into the management and treatment of prisoners. 

 Chiefly as the result of his efforts, two acts wen 

 passed in 1774, one making provision for fixed 

 salaries to be paid to the jjaoiers, and the other 

 enforcing greater cleanliness in prisons, with a view 

 to the prevention of the dreaded gaol-fever. From 

 this time onward Howard prosecuted with un- 

 wearied zeal and patience this the great work of hi* 

 lifetime, upheld by an indomitable sense of dun . 

 and supported by a devout faith and his own firm, 

 steadfast will. The remaining years of his life 

 principally spent in visiting the prisons of < 

 Britain and the countries of the Continent. Ani" 

 the graver abuses he set himself to get abolished in 

 his native land were such things as these: mam 

 prisons were in a deplorably dilapidated state, tin- 

 cells narrow, filthy, and unhealthy ; debtors and 

 felons were confined promiscuously in the same 

 prisons ; separate apartment* were not provided 

 for the two sexes, and the gaolers were allowed 

 to sell liquors to those placed under their charge. 

 causes directly ministering to immorality and 

 drunkenness. ' Howard's endeavours to relieve 

 human suffering in prisons easily turned hi> 

 thoughts to hospitals; and he also directed hi- 

 efforts to the alleviation of suffering and the 

 removal of abuses in these establishment*, as 

 well as in schools and all kinds of benevolent 

 institutions. From 1785 he devoted lib attention 



