814 



HOWARD 



more especially to the plague, and to the con- 

 sideration of means for its prevention. With 

 this end in view, he studied it in the hospitals 

 and lazarettos of the chief Mediterranean towns in 

 which it was wont to show itself. But whilst still 

 pursuing his investigations, he was himself struck 

 down by typhus fever at Kherson, in Russia, and 

 died on 20th January 1790. He was buried at 

 Dophinovka (now Stepanovka), 4 miles N. of 

 Kherson. The chief results of his extensive obser- 

 vations were recorded with faithful accuracy and 

 great minuteness of detail, though with little sense 

 of generalisation, in two works The State of 

 Prisons in England and Wales, with an Account of 

 some Foreign Prisons ( 1777 ), to which a supplement 

 was added in 1780, whilst the editions of 1784 and 

 1792 were each an enlargement on its predecessor ; 

 and An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in 

 Europe (1780). In consequence of his noble self- 

 denying labours Howard has become the proverbial 

 ideal of a philanthropist, the type of the best kind of 

 humanitarian activity and love. Burke, in speak- 

 ing of his labours at Bath in 1781, said, ' He has 

 visited all Europe, not to survey the sumptuousness 

 of palaces or the stateliness of temples ; not to 

 make accurate measurements of the remains of 

 ancient grandeur, nor to form a scale of the curiosity 

 of modern art ; nor to collect medals or collect 

 manuscripts ; but to dive in the depths of dun- 

 geons, to plunge into the infection or hospitals, to 

 survey the mansions of sorrow and pain, to take the 

 gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and 

 contempt, to remember the forgotten, to attend 

 to the neglected, to visit the forsaken, and to com- 

 pare and collate the distresses of all men in all 

 countries. ... It was a voyage of discovery, a cir- 

 cumnavigation of charity.' See Lives by Baldwin 

 Brown (1818), Taylor (1836), Hepworth Dixon 

 (1849), Field (1850), and Stoughton (1853; new 

 ed. 1884); Correspondence of Howard (1855) by 

 J. Field ; and the article PRISONS. 



Howard, OLIVER OTIS, an American general, 

 was born at Leeds, Maine, 8th November 1830, 

 graduated at West Point in 1854, took command 

 of a regiment of Maine volunteers in 1861, and was 

 made origadier-general for gallantry at the first 

 battle of Bull Run. He lost an arm at Fair Oaks 

 in 1862, but afterwards was in several actions, and 

 in 1864 commanded the Army of the Tennessee in 

 the invasion of Georgia. He commanded the right 

 wing of Sherman's army in the march to the sea 

 and through the Carolinas. He was commissioner 

 of the Freedmen's Bureau from 1865 until its aboli- 

 tion in 1874, and was the first president of Howard 

 University (see WASHINGTON, B.C.), which was 

 named in his honour. He conducted two Indian 

 campaigns, in 1877 and 1878; in 1886 he was pro- 

 moted to major-general, and received the command 

 of the division of the Pacific ; in 1889 he was trans- 

 ferred to that of the Atlantic. General Howard 

 is a chevalier of the Legion of Honour ( 1884). He 

 has published several books, including Chief Joseph 

 ( 1881 ), an account of his campaign against the Nez 

 Perces. 



Howard of Effingham, CHARLES, LORD, 

 was born in 1536, and in 1573 succeeded his father, 

 who was the ninth son of the second Duke of 

 Norfolk, and who in 1554 had been raised to the 

 peerage and been made Lord High Admiral. In 

 1585 that dignity was conferred on the son, and as 

 such in 1588 he commanded gloriously against the 

 Armada (q.v.). For his share Avith 'Essex in the 

 Cadiz expedition (1596) he was created Earl of 

 Nottingham, and in 1601 he put down Essex's 

 mad insurrection. In 1619 he resigned his office 

 in favour of Buckingham ; and he died 14th De- 

 cember 1624. Contrary to the common opinion, 



HOWE 



there is no proof that he was ever a Catholic 

 (Notes and Queries, 1851, 1888). 



Howe, ELIAS ( 1819-67 ), inventor of the Sewing- 

 machine (q.v.). 



Howe, JOHN, the most philosophic of the Puri- 

 tan divines, was born 17th May 1630, at Lough- 

 borough, in Leicestershire, to the living of which 

 parish his father had been presented by Laud. He 

 studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, where he 

 made the friendship of the most distinguished pro- 

 fessors and students of that day. After preaching 

 for some time at Winwick, in Lancashire, ana 

 Great Torrington, in Devonshire, with much accept- 

 ance, he was appointed domestic chaplain to Crom- 

 well in 1656, a position he occupied with great 

 reluctance, but in which he discharged his difficult 

 duties with rare firmness and courtesy, not fearing 

 to speak his mind before Cromwell himself, and 

 winning praise even from the enemies of his party. 

 Indeed, throughout life he was on the most intimate 

 terms with persons so wide apart as Baxter and 

 other nonconformist divines, and the most distin- 

 guished ornaments of the Establishment, as Stilling- 

 fleet and Tillotson. At the Restoration he returned 

 to Torrington, where he remained for about two 

 years. But the Act of Uniformity ejected him 

 from his parish, 24th August 1662 ; for though one 

 of the most liberal-minded of the Puritans, and not 

 troubled with morbid conscientiousness, he was 

 also a man of strong principle. Like many others 

 of the nonconformist ministers, he wandered about 

 preaching in secret till 1671. In 1668 he published 

 his first work, The Blessedness of the Righteous, 

 which was very popular. In 1671 he was invited 

 liy Lord Massereene, of Antrim Castle, in Ireland, 

 to become his domestic chaplain, where he spent 

 four years of great happiness, preaching every 

 Sabbath at Antrim church, with the sanction of 

 the bishop. Here he wrote his Vanity of Man as 

 Mortal, and began his greatest work. The Good Man 

 the Living Temple of God (1676-1702), which occu- 

 pies one of the Highest places in Puritan theology. 

 In 1675 he was called to be pastor of the dissenting- 

 congregation in Silver Street, London, and went 

 thither in the beginning of 1676. In 1677 he pub- 

 lished, at the request of Mr Boyle, The Reconcil- 

 ableness of God's Prescience of the Sins of Men with 

 the Wisdom of His Counsels, and Exhortations ; in 

 1681, Thoughtfulness for the Morrow ; in 1682, Self- 

 dedication ; in 1683, Union among Protestants ; 

 and in 1684, The Redeemer's Tears wept over Lost 

 Souls. In 1685 he was invited by Lord \V barton to 

 travel with him on the Continent ; and after visit- 

 ing the principal cities, he resolved, owing to the 

 state of England, to settle for a time at Utrecht, 

 where he was admitted to several interviews with 

 the Prince of Orange. In 1687 the Declaration for 

 Liberty of Conscience induced him to return to 

 England, and at the Revolution next year he headed 

 the deputation of dissenting clergymen when they 

 brought their address to the throne. Besides smaller 

 works, he published, in 1693, Carnality of Religious 

 Contention; in 1694-95, several treatises on the 

 Trinity ; in 1699, The Redeemer's Dominion over the 

 Invisible World; and he continued writing till 1705, 

 when he published a characteristic work, Patience 

 in Expectation of Future Blessedness. He died 2d 

 April 1705. 



Howe was a man of a noble presence, with a finely- 

 balanced mind, a profound thinker, yet gifted with 

 great practical sagacity. His own convictions were 

 very decided, yet he had large toleration for the 

 opinions of others, and of one of his persecutors 

 writes ' he did not doubt after all to meet him one 

 day in that place where Luther and Zwinglius well 

 agreed. ' The value of his writings is greatly marred 

 by a poor style and innumerable subdivisions and 



