Ill 'OH 



Whilst still ;i youth hi* mind won attracted to the 

 study of chemistry, magnetism, and allied luanches 

 of physical science. In 1852 he was elected a 

 iiHMiilH-r ut tin- Microscopical Society, :iinl lor some 

 laltoured at the study of physiology, animal 

 iiml vegetable, witli the microscope. Hut having 

 in 1K.V> Imilt for his own private use an observatory 

 at I piiei Tnlse Hill, near London, he liegari what 

 proved ti In- tin- principal work of his lifetime 

 tin' study of the physical const itution of stare, 

 planets, comets, and nelml;e. liy researches on 

 tin' sun's spectra and the spectra or certain comets, 

 he ascertained that the luininous |>roperties of the 

 former an- not tin- same as the luminous properties 

 of the latter. Since 1875 he has been engaged 

 photographing the ultra-violet parts of the spectra 

 of the stars. He has also determined the amount 

 of heat that reaches the earth from some of the 

 fixed star-. Mi I lupins was elected a Fellow of 

 the Royal Society in 1865. He was twice awarded 

 the medal of the same society and twice the gold 

 medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 

 1874 he became corresponding member of the Paris 

 Academy of Sciences, and three years later corre- 

 sponding member of 'the Royal Society of Gottin- 

 uen. From 1876 to 1878 he was president of the 

 Royal Astronomical Society. 



llnuh. ST, of Avalon, Bishop of Lincoln, was 

 born of noble family at Avalon in Burgundy about 

 1135. On his mother's death his father entered a 

 priory of regular canons at Villarbenoit, carrying 

 with him the boy, then but eight years old. At 

 nineteen he was ordained deacon, and was already 

 remarkable for his holiness of life and ascetic 

 Austerity. Ere long he was attracted by the severer 

 discipline of the Grande Chartreuse, and thither 

 lie repaired, although he had taken an oath to his 

 superior not to do so. Here he remained ten years, 

 received his priest's orders, and was for his prac- 

 tical ability appointed bursar to the monastery. 

 His fame came to the ears of Henry II., who pre- 

 vailed upon him to accept the government of the 

 struggling Carthusian monastery at Witham in 

 Somersetshire, and summoned him hence in May 

 1 1st; to fill the bishopric of Lincoln. For fourteen 

 years he governed his diocese with great wisdom 

 nml vigour, retiring every year a short time to 

 Witliam for his soul's health. His unworldly 

 holiness gave him great influence, not only over 

 Henry II., but also his successors Richard and 

 John. He did not leave off his frank outspoken- 

 ness of speech and his quick wit even in the pres- 

 ence of the king. \Vithal his charity was so 

 remarkable that even the Jews of Lincoln are said 

 to have wept at his funeral. All his life he had 

 been notable for his love of birds, and at his resi- 

 dence at Stow, near Lincoln, he had a pet swan 

 whose affection for its master appeared to beholders 

 to be more than natural. The swan usually appears 

 in representations of the saint. Soon after his 

 accession to the episcopal throne he had begun with 

 vigour the rebuilding of his cathedral, and he 

 lived to see the completion of the choir and eastern 

 transepts. But indeed, with the exception of the 

 presbytery, the entire church, as it now dominates 

 Lincoln, was conceived in the mind of Hugh's archi- 

 tect, and gradually perfected under his successors. 

 Hugh visited his native country in 1200, and on 

 his return journey was seized with illness, and died 

 at London Kith Novemler 1200. He was canonised 

 in 1220, and for long miracles were wrought at his 

 tomb, and his cult was almost as popular as that 

 of St Thomas in the south. 



Both the Metrical Life of St Hugh of Avalon (1860) 

 and the Magna. Vita S. Hnyonis (1864), the latter most 

 likely written by his domestic chaplain, Adam, abbot of 

 Evesham, were edited by the Rev. J. F. Dimock. A 

 Life by Giraldus is printed in vol. vii. (1877) of the 



111 <;m:s 821 



work* of Giraldu* Cambrenw*. Ue alao Canon Perry'* 

 Life of at tlwjh of Avalon ( 1879). 



Hugh of Lincoln, a Uy supposed to have 



en murdered by the .Jews of Lincoln, ait told 

 I "'th in English traditional ballads and early 

 chronicles. Professor Child (No. 155) ^i\- no 

 fewer than eighteen versions of ballads on thin 

 theme, which agree marvellously even in detail. 

 A group of boys playing at foot or at hand liall are 

 joined by the young Hugh or Sir Hugh, who drives 

 the ball through a Jew's window, in enticed into 

 the house by the Jew's daughter, cruelly murdered 

 and Hung into a well, from which heMjieakg miracu- 

 lously, whereby the murder is discovered. The 

 story of Hugh of Lincoln is told in the Anntds of 

 Waverley, under the year 12.V, by a coriU-m|M>rary 

 writer. Here the boy is tortured by the Jews, and 

 finally crucified in contempt of Christ. His body 

 is discovered by miraculous means, and eighteen 

 Jews are hanged for their share in the crime. 

 Additional circumstances are found in Matthew 

 Paris. The story occurs simultaneously in several 

 Anglo-French ballads ; and Chaucer's Prioresses 

 Tale is an artistic elalx>ration of the theme. 



We find more or less circumstantial versions of 

 the same story not only at Lincoln, but at Nor- 

 wich, Gloucester, London, and Northampton ; at 

 Blois, at Saragossa, and Valladolid ; at Frisingen 

 and Zurich ; at Prague and Cracow, Pavia and 

 Venice, and very frequently among the German 

 peoples, as at Vienna, Erfurt, Magdeburg, Main/, 

 Munich, Breslau, and Ratisbon. Besides the desire 

 to deride the Passion, an additional motive was 

 invented, that the Jews sought to obtain blood for 

 use in the Paschal rites a charge ridiculously at 

 variance both with Jewish precept and practice. 

 This singular notion has survived persistently for 

 over 600 years, and has formed a pretext for cruel 

 and shameful wrong down to our own day. It is 

 still a firmly-held popular notion in Russia, Hun- 

 gary, at Smyrna ana Alexandria; indeed it was 

 only so late as August 1883 that fifteen Jews were 

 acquitted after over a year's imprisonment for the 

 alleged kidnapping of a young girl at Tisza-Eszlar, 

 and that the good Christians of Budapest plundered 

 the Jewish shops in their disappointment. 



See the Chaucer Society's Originals and A nalogues of 

 Chaucer's Canterbury Tales for 1875-76 ; Child's English 

 and Scottish Popular Ballads ( 1888) ; and The Life and 

 M i nicies of St William of Norwich, edited by Jessoppand 

 James (1897). 



Hugh Capet. See CAPETIAN DYNASTY. 



Hllglldldcil (locally Hitchendon), a parish of 

 Buckinghamshire, among the Chiltern Hills, 2 miles 

 N. of High Wycombe. Hughenden Manor, a large 

 brick three-story mansion, mostly modern, was 

 purchased before 1847 by Benjamin Disraeli, Earl 

 of Beaconsfield. It is rich in interesting port rait s ; 

 and in its terraced gardens are trees planted by 

 Queen Victoria in 1877 and the Prince of Wales in 

 1880. The ancient parish church, much restored in 

 1874, contains a monument to the earl, erected by 

 the Queen ; and in its vault he lies buried by the 

 side of Lady Beaconsfield. 



Hughes THOMAS, author of Tom Brown's 



School-days, second son of John Hughes, Esq., of 

 Donnington Priory, near Newbury, in Berkshire, 

 was born at UffingtoB, Berks, October 23, Is.'.; 

 He was educated at Rugby under the celebrated 

 Dr Arnold ; entered Oriel College, Oxford, in 1841, 

 ami took his degree of B.A. in 1845; was called to 

 the bar at Lincoln's Inn in Is is. and became a 

 memler of the Chancery Bar. In 1856 he gave to 

 the world Tom Brmcu's School-days, a vivid and 

 truthful picture of life at Rugby, evidently written 

 from the author's own boyish impressions. It is 

 the highest praise to say that it admirably supple- 



