826 



HUGUENOTS 



HULL 



The partial repose which the Protestants enjoyed 

 for more than ten years was attended by a revival 

 of their worship, especially in Provence and 

 Dauphine. In 1724, therefore, Louis XV., at the 

 instigation of the Jesuits, issued a severe edict 

 against them. The spirit of the age, however, 

 now began to be opposed to persecution. An 

 edict of 1752 declared marriages and baptisms 

 by Protestant ministers to be null, and required 

 the repetition of them by the Roman Catholic 

 clergy. But when, upon this, many began again 

 to nee from their country, the disgust of the 

 Roman Catholics themselves was so much excited 

 that the court recalled the edict. Montesquieu 

 successfully advocated the cause of toleration ; 

 Voltaire did much to promote it by his exposure of 

 the judicial murder of John Galas (q.v. ). At last, 

 by an edict in 1787, which indeed was not registered 

 by the parliament till 1789, Louis XVI. declared 

 the Protestant marriages and baptisms to be valid, 

 and restored to the Protestants equal civil rights, 

 except that they might not be advanced to public 

 'offices and dignities. Even in 1789 a proposal for 

 the complete emancipation of the Protestants was 

 rejected by the National Assembly, which, how- 

 ever, admitted Protestants, and even Protestant 

 preachers, as members without objection ; and in 

 1790 it passed a decree for the restitution of all 

 the properties of non-Catholics confiscated since 

 the time of Louis XIV. The Code Napoleon gave 

 Protestants in France equal civil and political 

 rights with Roman Catholics. The charter granted 

 by the Bourbons acknowledged the freedom of 

 Protestant worship, and the state pledged itself 

 for the maintenance of the pastors ; yet under the 

 government of the Restoration the privileges of 

 Protestants were in many ways circumscribed. 

 After the revolution of July 1830 the Reformed 

 Charter of France proclaimed universal freedom of 

 conscience and of worship, which principle has 

 been maintained in subsequent changes. Pro- 

 testants were no longer subjected to many excep- 

 tional hardships, and in various important in- 

 stances were protected by Napoleon III. from the 

 arbitrary exercise of pow'er attempted by illiberal 

 local magistrates adverse to their religion. But 

 the recognised Protestant Church in which are 

 included both Reformed and Lutherans, and of 

 which the pastors receive small salaries from the 

 state (see FRANCE) was not till 1872 permitted to 

 hold synods or general assemblies or to proselytise. 

 At a synod held in that year the conservative 

 party in the church, in spite of some opposition, 

 carried their proposal that the church, which had 

 long been without a formally binding creed, 

 should adopt an evangelical confession. French 

 Protestants now number 700,000 approximately, 

 with 1400 places of worship and 950 ministers. 



The first Huguenot churches in England date 

 from the 16th century, as also the introduction of 

 the Huguenot industries, such as the woollen, 

 worsted, and napery trades, silk-weaving, tapestry, 

 dyeing, glass-making, pottery, and paper-making. 

 Under Charles II. the Savoy in London was granted 

 to the Huguenots as a place of worship, a fashion- 

 able West-end church, in which, as a token of 

 'conformity,' the Common Prayer-book was read 

 in French. From 1685 onwards thousands and 

 thousands of Huguenots found their way to Eng- 

 land, and gave William of Orange the support of 

 their military talent, political interest, and financial 

 resources. The planting of Protestantism in Ire- 

 land was greatly due to the services of the Hugue- 

 nots Schomberg and Ruvigny. Under Queen 

 Anne there were thirty Huguenot churches in 

 London alone. Towards the close of the century 

 more than half had disappeared through the rapid 

 absorption of the Huguenot families in the Angli- 



can Church, and their rise to the first ranks in the 

 gentry of England. Members of the Saurin family 

 sat among the bishops, the son of Peter Allix 

 became dean of Ely, the son of Casaubon was 

 rector of Ickham, the families of Chenevix and 

 Trench gave archbishops to Dublin and Tuam, and 

 that of Romaine clergymen to London. Cavalier 

 and Ligonier served under the British flag, Romilly 

 adorned English law, the Martineaus shine in 

 English letters; the Beauforts, Boileaus, Bosan- 

 quets, Bourdillons, Cazenoves, De Crespignys, De 

 Villiers, Du Canes, Gossets, Layards, Millais are 

 only a few instances taken at random out of several 

 hundred family names of Huguenot origin. 



See Rulhiere, Eclaircisscments Historiques aur les Causes 

 de la Revocation de VEdit des Nantes (1788) ; Felice, Hist, 

 des Protestants en France ( 1851 ) ; Haag, La France Pro- 

 testante (1859; new ed. 1883); the works of Capefigue 

 (1838) and Aguesse (1882); Smiles, The Huguenots in 

 England (1867); H. M. Baird, Rise of the Hwjuenots 

 1880 ), and a series of three other works on their history 

 ( 1885-95 ) ; 11. L. Poole, The Huguenots of the Dispersion 

 ( 1880) ; Bulletin de PHistoire du Protestantisme Francais; 

 Transactions and publications of the Huguenot Society of 

 London, established in 1885. See also the articles FRANCE, 

 MAROT, HENRY IV., &c. 



II Ilia-bird [Heteralochaacutirostris], a remark- 

 able New Zealand starling, now restricted to a few 

 wooded and mountainous regions. The plumage 

 is black, except on the white tips of the tail feathers ; 

 there is a wattle at the corner of the mouth ; the 

 bill of the female is strikingly different from that 

 of her mate, being long, much curved, and pliant, 

 instead of straight and strong as in the male. The 

 difference is so marked that the two sexes were 

 formerly referred to distinct species. In digging 

 grubs out of wood the two kinds of bills sup- 

 plement one another. The birds, which are be- 

 coming rare, submit readily to captivity. 



Hulks. See PRISONS, Vol. VIII., p. 418. 



Hull, or KlNGSTON-ON-HuLL, an important and 

 flourishing English river-port, a parliamentary and 

 municipal borough and county of itself, is situated 

 in the East Riding of Yorkshire, in a low, level 

 plain on the north bank of the Humber, here 2 

 miles wide, and here joined by the Hull, 42 miles 

 ESE. of York and 173 N. of London. Of churches 

 the most notable are Holy Trinity, Decorated and 

 Perpendicular in style, with a central tower 140 feet 

 high ; and St Mary's Lowgate (1333), one-half of 

 which was removed to make room for the mansion- 

 house of Henry VIII., who stayed here in 1540. 

 Both were restored by Sir G. G. Scott. All Saints' 

 Church (1869), from designs of Street, is a good 

 example of a brick church. The most important 

 educational establishments are Hull and East 

 Riding College; the Hull grammar-school (1486), 

 where Andrew Marvell was educated ; and Trinity 

 House School ( 1716), where a large number of boys 

 receive a nautical education ; to which may be added 

 the Literary and Philosophical Society, the Royal 

 Institution, the Hull Church Institute, Young 

 People's Christian Institution, Literary Club, Col- 

 lege of Chemistry, Mechanics' Institute, the School 

 of Art. An equestrian statue (1734) of William 

 III. stands in the market-place, and in Junction 

 Street is a column (1834) surmounted by a statue 

 of Wilberforce, who was a native, as also was 

 Mason the poet. Among many other benevolent 

 establishments, the Trinity House, instituted in 

 1369, but rebuilt in 1753, for the relief of decayed 

 seamen, and the Charterhouse (rebuilt 1645), an 

 endowed institution for the poor, are the most 

 worthy of note. There are three prettily laid out 

 public parks. A town-hall, Italian Renaissance in 

 style, was opened in 1866, as also was a new 

 exchange. There are also a spacious gaol (1869), 

 a new post-office (1877), the Theatre Royal (1873), 



