MAN 



9 



and success, and there is now general agreement 

 that man was alive during the later stages of the 

 glacial epoch, while there are indications of his 

 presence in Pliocene and, according to a few, even 

 in Miocene ages (see GEOLOGY). 



Older, however, than any indications of his 

 Pliocene presence man must surely be, for zoolo- 

 gists refer his origin not to any of the existing 

 anthropoid apes, as is sometimes popularly sup- 

 posed, but to the common stock which included 

 their ancestors and his, and which had apparently 

 legun to diverge in Upper Miocene times. In a 

 similar way, our impression of the antiquity of 

 man is increased when we remember that the most 

 ancient human remains, such as the Neanderthal 

 skull, do not take us appreciably nearer any low 

 type of man such as the ancestral forms presum- 

 ably exhibited. Moreover, the oldest distinct im- 

 plemento and artistic products suggest not the 

 handicraft of beginners, but the work of men 

 Iwhind whom there already lay a long history. 



See ANTHROPOID AFEH, STON K AGE, BRONZE AGE, IRON 

 AGE, EARTH, FLINT IMPLEMENTS, PLEISTOCENE SKELE- 

 TON, SKI" I.I. ; the articles on the various continents, 

 countries, and races ; also the following articles : 



Adam. Creation. Lonj-rvity. 



Agriculture. Kthicft. Marriage. 



Anatomy. Ethnology. Mythology. 



Anitn il Evolution. N't-Rroes. 



Anthropology. Family. Philology. 



Archa-ology. Folklore. Religion. 



Art. ( tiiviTiiiiient. Hex. 



tiio.'ogy. Life. Totem. 



Also Darwin, The Detcent of Man (1871); Dawkins, 

 Cave-Huntinij (1874), Karly Man in Britain (1880) : A. 

 Oeikie, The Great Icr Aye (1877), Preautoru Euro/ie 

 (1881); Haeekel, Anthropogenic (2d ed. 1874; En K . 

 train. 1879); Hartmann, Anthropoid Alien (Inter. Kc. 

 Series, 1885): Huiley, .Van's Plate in Nature (1863); 

 Lyell, Geological Kcidencet of the Antiquity of Man 

 (1*W); St George Mivart. Man and A/xt (1874); 

 Peschel. Ratei of Man (trans. 187H); Caspar!, Urtir- 

 Kkifhte der Mrntehhfit CM ed. 1877); Mortdlet, ~Le 

 Pr(hutoritfiie A nliquitf ile ;'#omm(1885) ; Cjuatrefages, 

 L'Kiptce Hitmaine (1861). Hixtvire Generate da Race* 

 Humaine, (1887); J. Ranke, Der Mentrk (1886); 

 Topinard. SUmott d'A Mropolojie Glnirale (18*5); 

 A. R. Wallace, Darwinism (1889); Wiedereheiin, Der 

 Bna del Mentchen (1887); C. Vogt, Vorlemnien iiber 

 den Mentchen ( 1864 ; trans. 1864 ) ; and Tylor's works. 



Man, ISLE OF, is situated in the Irish Sea, 16 

 miles S. of Burrow Head in Wigtownshire, 27 miles 

 SW. of St Bees Head, and 27 E. of Strangford 

 Lough. The length of the island is 33J miles, 

 breadth 12J miles, and area 145,325 acres (227 

 sq. m. ), of which nearly 100,000 are cultivated. 

 At the south-western extremity is an islet called 

 the Calf of Man, containing 800 acres, a large 

 portion of which is under cultivation. A chain of 

 mountains extends from north-east to south-west, 

 the highest of which is Snaefell (2024 feet). In 

 some of the streams trout abound, though in many 

 the fish have l>een destroyed by the washings from 

 the lead-mines. The coast scenery from Maughold 

 1 on the east, passing south to Peel on the 

 west, is |H>M and picturesque, especially in the 

 neighbourhood of the Calf, where Spanish Head, 

 tin- southern extremity of the island, presents a 

 sea-front of extreme grandeur. 



The greater part of the island consists of clay- 

 slate under various modifications. Through the 

 clay-schist granite has burst in two localities, in 

 the vicinity of which mineral veins have lieen dis- 

 covered, and are extensively worked. Nearly 5000 

 tons of leaf! are extracted annually, considerable 

 quantities of zinc, and smaller quantities of copper 

 and iron ; the lead ore is very rich in quality. The 

 principal mines are at Laxey on the east coast, and 

 Foxdale near the west. The Great Laxey Mine is 

 one of the most important in the United Kingdom. 



The climate is remarkable for the limited range 

 of temperature, both annual and diurnal ; westerly 

 and south-westerly winds greatly predominate, 

 easterly and north -easier* y winds occurring chiefly 

 in the autumn quarter. Myrtles, fuchsias, and 

 other tender exotics flourish throughout the year. 

 The flora of the island is almost identical with 

 that of Cumberland. The Manx cat is tailless 

 (see CAT). 



The fisheries afford employment to nearly 4000 

 men and boys. More than 700 boats are employed 

 in the herring and cod fisheries, the average annual 

 produce l>eing above 60,000. Large numbers of 

 fat cattle are shipped to the English markets, as 

 well as alxnit 20,000 quarters of wheat annually. 

 The manufactures are inconsiderable. The revenue 

 derived from the island amounts to about 50,000 

 per annum ; of this the greater part is received 

 from customs duties, and the whole, except 10,000 

 a year payable to the imperial treasury, is used for 

 insular purposes. 



The Isle of Man possesses much to interest the 

 antiquary. Castle Rnshen (see CASTLETOWN), 

 probably the most perfect building of its date 

 extant, was founded by Guthred, son of King 

 Orry, in 947. The ruins of Rusheii Abbey (1154) 

 are picturesquely situated at Hallasalla. Peel 

 Castle, with the cathedral of St German, is a very 

 beautiful ruin, dating from the 12th century (see 

 PEEL). There are numerous so-called Uruidical 

 remains and Runic monuments throughout the 

 island ; the Runic crosses, of which there are some 

 forty in all, are especially numerous at Kirk 

 Michael. The Tynwald Hill at St John's, near the 

 centre of the island, is a perfect relic of Scandi- 

 navian antiquity. Once a year new Acts of Tyn- 

 wald are here proclaimed. The hill is artificial, 

 circular, and arranged in four platforms. Both 

 institution and use should be compared with the 

 Icelandic Tingvallu. The island is divided into six 

 sheadings ; these into seventeen parishes ; these, 

 again, were divided into treens (now obsolete), and, 

 lastly, into qutirter-lands. The towns, noticed 

 separately, are Castletown, Douglas, the modern 

 capital, Peel, and Ramsey. 



The principal line of communication with the 

 United Kingdom is between Douglas and Liver- 

 pool, by means of a fine fleet of swift steamers. 

 There is a submarine telegraphic cable between 

 Maughold Head and St Bees Head. In 1873 a line 

 of railway was opened between Douglas and Peel ; 

 in 1874 to Castletown and the south; and in 1879 

 to Ramsey all on the single narrow-gauge system. 

 Extensive improvements in the way of harbour- 

 works, piers, and promenades have been carried 

 out at Douglas, Ramsey, and Peel. Pop. (1821) 

 40,081 ; ( 1841 ) 47,986 ; ( 1871 ) 54,042 ; ( 1881 ) 54,089 ; 

 (1891) 55,598 ; the smallness of the increase being 

 attributable to emigration. Visitors number about 

 130,000.annually. 



The Roman ^fona was not Man, but Anglesey. 

 Previous to the 6th century the history of the 

 Isle of Man is involved in obscurity ; from that 

 period it was ruled by a line of Welsh kings, until 

 near the end of the 9th century, when the Nor- 

 wegian, Harald Haarfager, invaded and took pos- 

 session of the island. A line of Scandinavian 

 kings succeeded, until Magnus, king of Norway, 

 ceded his right in the island and the Hebrides to 

 Alexander III. of Scotland (1266); this trans- 

 ference of claim being the direct result of the 

 disastrous failure of the expedition of Haco of 

 Norway against the Scots in 1263. On Alex- 

 ander's death the Manx placed themselves under 

 the protection of Edward I. of England by a 

 formal instrument dated 1290; on the strength 

 of this document the kings of England granted 

 the island to various royal favourites from time 



