MANATEE 



MANCHESTER 



11 



(Manatus), one of the 'sea-cows' or 

 Sirenia, allied to the Dugong (q.v.) and to the 

 extinct Rhytina. Two species, very like one 

 another in structure and habit, are distinguished, 

 M. a ii f tralis, in the rivers and estuaries of the 

 Atlantic side of tropical South America, and M. 

 irnsis, in the Senegal and other rivers of 

 West Africa. They are gregarious, inoffensive, 

 sluggish mammals, browsing on algie, fresh water 

 weeds, and even shore-plants. In regard to their 

 breeding and parturition information is still re- 

 quired, but we know that the mothers show much 

 affection for the young, and protect them in danger. 

 In length the manatee measures from 10 to i2 feet; 

 tin- colour of the thick, wrinkled, hairless hide is 

 dark bluish gray, lighter as usual on the ventral 

 surface. The upper lip bears a rounded knob, and 



Manatee. 



there are yellow bristles about the mouth ; the 

 eyes are small and deeply Mink, and the nostrils 

 are valved slits at the end of the snout. From the 

 dugougs they differ in having a thicker body and 

 a straighter head, with the jaws but slightly 

 curved, in the rounded or shovel-like shape of the 

 tail, ami in the presence of rudimentary nails on 

 the fore-limlw, to the hand-like form of which the 

 word .Manatee refers. They differ also in more 

 technical characters .g. in the very exceptional 

 occurrence of six instead ui -e\en neck vertebnp, 

 ami in the Dentition (<i.v.), which in the adult 

 manatee is represented riy horny pads replacing 

 the front teeth lost in early life, and by ) r ridged 

 molars, of which, however, only " are in use at a 

 time. The manatee, though Incoming scarcer, is 

 still harpooned or otherwise caught, l>eing valued 

 on account of its palatable Mesh, its abundant fat, 

 and its strong skin. Gentle and affectionate, it 

 riMiliK admits of being tamed, and living speci- 

 mens have been successfully transported to the 

 /'> in London. 



See DucONii; and also the memoirs by Murie and 

 Garrod in the Tram. Zool. Hoc., vols. viii. x. xi. 



Maillilllllll. a district forming the eastern part 

 of Cliota Nagpore (<].v.). 



Mnnhy. GKHROE WILLIAM, inventor of life- 

 saving apparatus for shipwrecked persons, was 

 liorn in 1765, at Hilgay, near Downham Market 

 in Norfolk, served in 'the militia, and became 

 barrack master at Yarmouth in 1803. In 1808 he 

 succeeded, with apparatus designed by him, in sav- 

 ing the lives of the crew of the brig Elizabeth. A 

 career of usefulness was thus commenced, which he 

 followed for the remaining forty-six years of his 

 life. He repeatedly received grants of money from 

 parliament. He died November 18, 1854. It was 

 estimated that, by the time of his death, nearly 

 1000 persons had "been rescued from stranded ships 

 by means of his apparatus. See LIFE-SWIM; 

 APPARATIS. 



M.'inclliU LA, a district of Spain, the sputhern- 

 M- old kingdom of >'ew Castile, com- 



i .1 _/ /-,:.. ,i_,i 



most part of the ol< 

 prising most of the 



vince of Ciudad 



prising most of the present prov 

 Real, with parts of Albacete, Toledo, and Ciienca 

 (*ee CASTII.K ). It is the country of the ever-memor- 

 ulile DOM (Quixote, his si|iiire Sancho Panza, and 

 of the peerless Dulcinea del Tolnmo. 



Handle ('sleeve'), a maritime department in 

 the north-west of France, formed from the old pro- 

 vince of Normandy, derives its name from La 

 Manche ( the English Channel ), which washes its 

 rocky coasts. Greatest length, 81 miles ; average 

 breadth, 28 miles; area, 2289 sq. in. Pop. (1886) 

 520,865; (1891) 513,815. The climate is mild but 

 humid. Cereals, flax, hemp, beetroot, and fruits 

 are extensively cultivated. Immense quantities 

 of apples are grown, from which 28,000,000 

 gallons of cider are made annur.lly. Horses of 

 the true Norman breed are reared, and excellent 

 cattle and sheep are fed on the extensive pastures. 

 There are valuable granite quarries. The depart- 

 ment is divided into the six arrondissements of St 

 L6, Coutances, Valognes, Cherbourg, Avranches, 

 and Mortain. Capital, St L6. The port of Cher- 

 bourg and the rock of St Michel ( with its celebrated 

 abbey ) belong to this department. 



Manchester (Sax. Mamcestre), a corporate 

 and parliamentary borough of Lancashire, was 

 elevated to the dignity of a city in 1847, by being 

 made the see of a bishop, and confirmed by royal 

 charter in 1853. It is situated in the hundred of 

 Salford, on the east bank of the Irwell. Salford is on 

 the opposite bank ; and the two boroughs, connected 

 by sixteen bridges (tesMes railway viaducts), may 

 be considered one city. Manchester is the acknow- 

 ledged centre of the most extensive tnanufacturing 

 district in the world, and is remarkable from being 

 surrounded by a ring of populous suburban town- 

 ships formed from the overflow of its population. 

 Within a few miles there is a second circle of 

 towns, with populations ranging from 10,000 to 

 50,000. At a radius of 30 miles is another cluster 

 of towns, nearly all of them manufacturing, and 

 to all of which there is easy and frequent access 

 by tramways, canals, and railways. Manchester is 

 187 miles NNW. of London, 31 E. of Liverpool, 51. J 

 SE. of Lancaster, 84 N. of Birmingham, 68^ NW. 

 of York, 48J S\V. of Leeds, 41J NW. of Sheffield, 

 and 40 NE. of Chester. The growth of the popula- 

 tion of the two boroughs is shown in the following 

 table: 



U.othnter. 



1801 75,275 



1851 303,382 



1S71 361,181) 



1881 423.S01 



1891 005,343 



Silford. 

 14,477 

 102,4411 

 124,801 

 17li,23.'> 

 11IS, 130 



T..U1. 



89,752 

 405,831 

 47i,!HK> 

 tiOO.OSli 

 703,479 



By the City Extension Act ot 1885 the parlia- 

 mentary boundaries were greatly extended, and 

 later an agitation was begun in various suburban 

 townships for incorporation. Five of these were 

 already incorporated with Manchester in 1890, 

 and otners were expected to become incorporated. 

 The city was made a county borough under the Act 

 of 1888. The area of the parliamentary borough 

 (comprising eleven townships and parts of two 

 others) is 20 sq. m., and that of Salford 8 sq. in. 

 Both lioroughs were enfranchised by the Reform 

 Bill of 1832, Manchester returning two members 

 and Salford one member to parliament. The 

 Reform Bill of 1867 gave Manchester three and 

 Salford two members. Since 1885 Manchester 

 returns six and Salford three members to parlia- 



At present Manchester and Salford, and a large 

 portion of the suburban population, are supplied 

 with water collected on the slopes of Blackstone 

 Edge distant about 20 miles. The water-works 

 possess a total capacity of 3,828,000,000 gallons, 

 and the average daily supply is about 25,000,000 

 gallons. In view of the rapid increase of the 

 population the city council purchased Thirlmere 

 (q.v.), in Cumberland, giving a further supply of 

 50,000,000 gallons daily. The water is conveyed 

 by aqueduct and tunnels (completed in 1894; see 

 AQUEDUCT) to Bolton, and most of th remaining 60 



