MANDINGOES 



MANFRED 



IT 



taceans, the first pair of true appendages in Insects, 

 the lower jaw in Vertebrates. 



Maildillgoes are a Bantu people of Africa, 

 mainly in Semegambia (q.v.). See AFRICA, Vol. 

 I. p. v>. 



Mandojfarh, orMAXDU', a ruined city of India, 

 formerly capital of the Mnhamrnedan kingdom of 

 Malwa. stands 15 miles N. of the Nerbudda and 

 38 SW. of Indore. The ruins stretch for 8 

 miles along the crest of the Vindhya Mountains, 

 and have a circumference of 37 miles. A deep, 

 narrow valley separates them from the adjoining 

 tableland. The least injured of the ruined build- 

 ings is the great mosque, which is reached by a 

 handsome Might of stairs; it is said to lie 'the 

 finest and largest specimen of Afghan architecture 

 extant in India.' There are also a massive royal 

 palace and the white marble mausoleum of the 

 king who raised the city to the acme of its splen* 

 dour (early 15th century). According to Malcolm, 

 MttttOgMli was founded 313 A.D. 



Mandoline, a musical instrument of the lute 

 species. The body of the mandoline is formed of 

 a number of narrow pieces of different kinds of 

 wood, lient into the shape, and glued together. 

 On the open portion of the body is fixed the 

 sounding-board, with a finger-board' and neck like 

 a guitar. The Neapolitan mandoline, which is 

 the most perfect, has four double strings, tuned 

 (beginning with the lowest) G, D, A, E. The 

 Milanese mandoline has live double strings, tuned 

 G, C, A, 1), E. The sound is produced by a 

 plectrum in the right hand, while the left hand 

 produces the notes on the finger-board. The man- 

 doline is chiefly used for accompaniment. 



Mandrake ( .l///m//-',/<,m *////'/////), a Solan- 

 aceous plant closely allied to Belladonna (q.v.). 

 There are two varieties, the vernal and the autum- 

 nal ; both are natives of the Mediterranean region 

 and the East, and especially abound in Greece. 

 The whole plant has a very fetid narcotic smell ; 



and all parts have 

 poisonous proper- 

 ties like those of 

 lielladonna, but 

 more narcotic, for 

 which reason a 

 dose of the root 

 was formerly some- 

 I inii-s given to 

 patiente about to 

 endure surgical 

 operations. The 

 ancients were well 

 acquainted with 

 the narcotic and 

 stupefying proper- 

 tics of mandrake. 

 and it was a com- 

 mon saying of a. 

 sleepy or indolent 

 man that he /</ 

 eaten maiulm/,*-. 

 The large taproot 

 grows somewhat 

 irregularly, and 

 Mandrake (Mandragwa officinali,). o f ten neems divided 



into two, through 



the development of a branch which attains more 

 or less equal si/e. Hence arises a rude resem- 

 blance to a human figure ; and this is easily 

 exaggerated by a little judicious pruning or carv- 

 ing, and by trimming the covering of fine hair- 

 like roots. Hence Pythagoras speaks of the man- 

 drake as anthropomorphic. To such mannikin- 

 figiiri's many magical virtues were ascribed : by the 

 indent Germans they were supposed to bring luck 

 314 



to their possessors, who accordingly dressed and 

 tended them like dolls, yet kept them reverentially 

 enshrined in caskets, and thus obtained their services 

 for the healing of obstinate diseases of man and 

 beast, for the divination of the future, or the ensur- 

 ing of supplies of money. From the most ancient 

 times apnrodisiac virtues have been ascribed to 

 mandrake, which was therefore supposed to cure 

 barrenness (see Gen. xxx. 14-16); such repute is 

 hardly lx>rne out by the actual properties of the 

 root (which would, however, relax the womb), but 

 probably more commonly depended on its magical 

 associations as a phallic figure. The extremely 

 narcotic and poisonous properties of the plant 

 could not but invest these figures with a more 

 grim significance, of which the medieval imagina- 

 tion 'made the most. So large, deep, and well 

 fixed a root needs some lalxnir to dig out, and, 

 if torn up by main force, breaks with more or less 

 noise, hence the ancient legend that the mandrake 

 shrieks when torn out of the ground. The subse- 

 quent possibilities of accident (not to speak of 

 misuse) can easily be imagined, not only from the 

 sweet and attractive berries, but the leaves, root, 

 or even juice. On the base of caution there arose 

 a whole fantastic ritual : the plant could only be 

 safely dug up at midnight, ana when loosened by 

 careful digging should be dragged out of the ground 

 by a black dog, which served as a vicarious sub- 

 stitute for the herbalist, in dread of the mandrake's 

 vengeance. 



Mandrill. See BABOON. 



Manduria, a town of Southern Italy, 22 miles 

 E. bv S. of Taranto, near the ancient town of 

 Manduria, of which some important relics are still 

 extant. Pop. 8865. In 1790 it exchanged its name 

 of Casalnuovo for Manduria. 



Mandvl, the chief seaport of the principality of 

 Cutch, in India, on the north shore of the Gulf 

 of Cutch, 36 miles SW. of Bhuj, the capital. 

 It has a good roadstead and a breakwater, but 

 the harbour is choked with sand. The pilots are 

 in request all through the state. Pop. (1881) 

 35,980 ; (1891) 38,155. 



Manes. See LARES. 



Manet, EDOUARD (1832-82), a French painter, 

 the founder of Impressionism (q.v.). See his Life 

 by Bazire ( Paris, 1884 ). 



ManetllO, a celebrated Egyptian historian, 

 native of Sebennytus, a priest who Nourished in the 

 3d century B.C. See EGYPT, Vol. IV. p. 238. 



Manfred, regent and king of Sicily, was a 

 natural son (afterwards legitimised ) of the Emperor 

 Frederick II. by Bianca, the daughter of Count 

 Lancia, and was born in 1231. On his father's 

 death in 1250 he received the principality of 

 Tarentum, and in the absence of his halt-brother, 

 Conrad IV., acted as regent in Italy. He bravely 

 defended his sovereign's interests against the 

 aggression of Pope Innocent IV. ; and after Con- 

 rad's death he was acknowledged as regent of 

 Apulia, in name of his nephew Conradin (q.v.). 

 The pope, however, renewed his pretensions to 

 Apulia, and compelled Manfred to flee for shelter 

 to the Saracens, by whose aid he defeated the papal 

 troops, and liecame, in 1257, master of the whole 

 kingdom of Naples and Sicily. On the rumour of 

 Conradin's death he was crowned king at Palermo, 

 llth August 1258, and immediately afterwards was 

 excommunicated by Pope Alexander IV. along 

 with his adherents ; but Manfred invaded the papal 

 dominions, and made himself master of the whole 

 of Tuscany. His power now seemed secre, and 

 his government was at once mild and vigorous. 

 But this tranquillity was not of long duration. 

 Pope Urban IV. renewed the excommunication 



