M AN'.K.'VK 



MANICHJEUS 



in UttKmtheartof Asia; it baa recently h 

 common in Ceylon, and baa been avccc^nlly inn.. 

 dacod into other tropioal onnUMa. 



MMCTwV* ( /aUtyUra ), a genna of caJyciflora 

 dicotyledons, including al.Mit fifty specie*, of 

 which the indistinct altnitie* have eonatituted 

 Mfaratu onler ( Khitophoracen- 1. They are tree* 

 MM! shrub*, all tropical (specially South Ameri 

 can I. and oalivea of roaaU. particularly about tie 

 mouths of riven, wbera they grow in the mud. am 

 form a eloM thicket down to and within the margii 

 of UM sea, even to low-water mark, forming tin 

 characteristic mangrove wani|n MI often .! 



A Manfrov >waiup. 



'>' travellers and naturalist*. Most specie* send 

 down roota Irom their bran;-!,.-, and thus rapidly 



: over large spaces, forming secure 

 for multitude* of lujuatir l.inls, whilst rralm and 

 shell li-l, are alui to he found in them in \.,-l 

 number*. Their interliu'ing roots retain mini. - -a 

 wee.1. Ac., and thu rapidly form soil and . 

 upon the .hallow sen : on the north coant of Java 

 and elsewhere their gmilogical importance is upeci- 

 ally marke.1. The seeds have the |H>culiarity of 

 germiimting l.-foie the fniit has fallen, a long tin.-* 

 nulirle ptOOMlHng from the s.^s|. piercing [U 

 ing, ami extending rapidly do\M,u.,..|. When il,. 

 fruit dntiis, the stoul h'.-nvv radicle pi.-rcea the 

 mod. and the young tt.-e i, thii> plain. -.1 i n ih- 



proper iitioii i.irthwith. The fruit of tl , 



moo mangrove (K. Mtin./l< . is -u.-et, enlahle ; an. I 

 jta juice, when lennenie.1, yi.-l.U a light wine 

 1 - iii,|H.rt. for th< ,.-.- 



IteUnnin. in uhin, all the -|s-i,~. a ri . ,!, 

 grove wornl b alao Importnd iron, the \Ve*t Imli.- 

 The CbUMM and Knt I ml, 



i. &-) an of similar habit and pmi^rties ; 



of the latter are vnarated a> a di 

 .-.rlw.-TlM aoWUd WIUU MamgrSm U 

 Aviranma ( 



>l nili;illnn Inland, the island on which the 

 t part of New Yiirk rit\ Mn,U 



He* IJIIIAMI \ 



, a goM li.-l.l long n oike.1 by the I'oilu 

 N \\ ..( the |..,i of 's.,fnU. and 

 ' Hi"-- In the llrilish sphere of inflil- 



1 M Ml aUril MH-ll.,11 of M..-l,.,,,;,|,,|,,| 1. 1 > | 



It U intcnwcled by the railway Iron, the Pungwe 

 River(iMiar Iteirai to Kort Sali- 



Hilrlurmot MM. the founder of the sect 



... , \| . . . . M 



' Tort lfiil..rtl,y lt.i.lin.,1,. n. I.,,,, 

 ahont 'Jl.'i \ 1 1 . and educated at 

 In. father Futak, who joined the 



w-rt of the Mogktiuiliih ( ltpti>t.H) in which his aon 

 wa broaght np. Thi> -.-rt .i- r,,,,,,.-. -t.-.| iih \\,,. 

 Mandirani (<|.v.l. and innxt prohuhly alwi with tin- 

 Klkexaitai ami HciiKTohaptiHU*, and* may :iU.> have 

 U>rn>we4l Minifthiii^ Inini Christianity. At :il~mt 

 tin- i^f of thirty Muni IK'PIII to |iriH'laim lii~ m-w 

 I'-li^inn at tin- roiirt of the IVrsian kin),'. S.-ipui I., 

 ami then undertook lonj; missionary jonriicvs, re- 

 turning to the court .-ilxiut '270. 1'in-in^l by the 

 enmity of the Ma^'iiin- In- WHS olili^tnl to iW, wan 

 i.r.it^-t.Nl ),y the ne\t kin^, llorinn/<l. hut under 

 hi- MH-cessor, K-ihrain I.. :i- ahan.hnieil to llic 

 liattiHl of his enemies, who cmcilied him in 1'Tii 

 and llaywl his lifclesx Uidy. Hi- nuineroUB 

 rj.istles and writing are lout, and we knou ..I 

 them only from the Arahic catalogue, the h'lhritt, 

 and from alluMong in Epiplianiu.s, Au^ustin.-. 

 anil I'li.illu-. 



M VMI II.CISM was a great religion* svHtem that 

 spruii); up in wetern Aitia about the clow of the 

 :.l century, and which, although it utterly dis- 

 claimed IH-JIIK ilenominaK^I Chiistian. yet was 

 reckon. il amon^the heretical lilies of the'church. 

 It wan not an offshoot from Christianity, hut was 

 hMMOJI the jincient Kal.ylonian religion, ami was 

 thus really a Semitic religion i>f nature niodititol hy 

 i 'hri.-tian ami IVrsian elemeiiis. systematisi-d anil, 

 elevate.! into a gnoois, ami maJe applicable to 

 human life hy a deduced system of ctliios. Hut, 

 while it bomnrad nothing fiom Christ innity iiroiH-r, 

 it ih-rixisl part of its terminology and some of its 



coi ptions from Christianity a> de\eloji<-d anion;; 



the w-cts of the Itasilidiaiis, 'Mareionilcs. and I'.ai" 

 deanit<*. The >Ve*t4-rn Munich:, -ans a.lopted 

 many Cliri-tian elements which were not present 

 in the original s\st-m of it* founder nor in its 



plller Ensteni <levelopmellt. It is possible, al- 

 though it has not yet been satisfactorily iiro\ed, 

 that it borrowed Rome elements iioni It'inhlliism. 

 llaur wax the first to work out the theory 

 of a liuclilhist element, and was followed hy 



I'T, llil^enfelil. ami other sehohirs; lint his 

 iir^iinient ha- lieen assailed by l,e I'.ij;.- Kenoiif, 

 /.Her. Li^litfoot. and Hamack.' MaiiichieiNiu was 

 ementinlly a complete dualism, materialistic in 



i :L- the pin -iral and ethical were r,,n 



founded, and its -uc.-.-ss, says llarnack, M.I* due 

 io (M fart that it unit.-.! an ancient mythology 

 and a thorouK'h-going materialiMic dualism with 



-.liM-ly simple spiritual woiship ami a 



>tn.-t moriility. As ha.s U-en sai.l. it assumed t,, 



pblef prineipM, whence bad sprung all visible ami 



unisil.le creation, and which totally antagonistic 



in their natures were res|n-ctivelv styled the 



Light, the (;.MK|, <ir (Jod, ami the 'l hirk'ness, the 



Matter, or Archon. They eaeh inhal.it, -il a 



; akin to their natures, and excluding each 



Ither t<i such a ih'uree that the region of I larknesM 



aiid its leader n,-\ri knew of the exitenre,,f that 



.1 the l.ighi. Tel\. Dtrcspaoding to tbe 



twelv,. sigm of the /iMline ami the twelve stages 

 t the world had emanate.) ft,,,,, t | M . |',in,,.,al 



l.ight ; ; while DarkntwH, filled ith tl ternal 



ire, which l,unil but shone not, wjm p<Mipled by 

 who ete constantly lighting amoi," 

 lem>-elve. | n ,, nc ,,f ,| leJH , (...niests, pi. 



rwmrdi the ,, m .. r ,,!, M j t werei nf t | 1( . ir r , Ti()ll 



hev became aware .if the neighbouring region, 



and forthwith unit.-l. attacked it. ami Kiioceedcd 



n canying captne the Kay of l.ight that was sent 



gaitiM them at the head of the host* of I.j.-lil 



winch was the en,lliment of the Ideal or 



ninal Man The <;,M| of Light himself ,,,,w 



tened Ui the rewue, ami will, the help of new 



-ins defeUd Darkness an.l sot free the primal 



tan in In. greater and better part. The smaller 



and fainter |rtion. however the Junu j^t.Uis 



the intern Manich.-, ans remained in the 



