MANNING 



MANSEL 



25 



1870, Manning was one of the most zealous suj 

 porters and promoters of the infallibility dogma; 

 and, named cardinal in 1873, he continued an 

 influential leader of the Ultramontane section of 

 the church. Besides being the foremost spirit in 

 most Catholic movements in England, he took 

 part in many non-sectarian good works designed 

 to better the social life of the people, such as the 

 temperance movement ; and he was a member of 

 the Royal Commissions on the Housing of the Poor 

 (1885) and on Education (1886). Before his 

 secession to Rome, he published several volumes 

 of |xwerful sermons ; his subsequent writings were 

 mainly polemical. He revised a number of articles 

 in this work. A devout prelate, a churchly states- 

 man, and a practical reformer, he died 14th January 

 1892. The Life by E. S. Purcell (2 vols. 1896) was 

 considered hardly fair to his memory, and provoked 

 controversy. A short Life by A. \V. Hutton had 

 appeared in 1892. Manning wrote on infallibility, 

 tne Vatican Council, Ultramontanism, the Four 

 Great Evils of the Day (2d ed. 1871 ), Internal Mis- 

 sion of the Holy Ghost ( 1875 ), The Catholic Church 

 and Modem Society ( 1 880) , Eternal Priesthood ( 1 883), 

 Characteristics (ed. by W. S. Lilly, 1885), &c. 



Manning, ROBERT. See BRUNNE( ROBERT OF). 



Maimite. (,',.H,(()H ), is a peculiar saccharine 

 matter which forms the principal constituent of 

 Manna (q.v.); it is also found in several kinds of 

 fungi, in asparagus, celery, unions, &<. It is most 

 readily obtained bv digesting manna in hot alcohol. 



llanoa. See EL DORADO. 



Man-of-war. See NAVY. 



Man-of-war Bird. See FRIGATE BIRD. 



.Manometer (<ir. inaiios, 'thin,' 'rare') is pro- 

 perly an instrument for measuring the rarity of 

 the air or of other gases ; but the name is most 

 frequently applied to instruments for indicating 

 the elastic pressure of gases, which is always, for 

 e.-H-h kiml of gas, inversely proportional to its 

 rarity, or directly proportional to its density. The 

 several kinds of Marometers (q.v.) are really mano- 

 meters, and so is the steam-gauge of a Steam- 

 engine (q.v.). 



Manor, in English law, denotes the land held 

 by a Ixxlv <if tenants under one seignory or lord- 

 ship. Manors were probably formed by the 

 gradual establishment of feudal rights over free 

 township* and subject communities of villeins or 

 serfs ; but, according to legal theory, the lord derives 

 his rights frciiu the king or from gome superior lord. 

 In a fully-organised manor the local customs are 

 enforced by three courts : a Court Baron for the 

 in-'- tenant**, who are emphatically the baronet or 

 men of the manor ; a Customary Conrt for the 

 copyholders, who hold by base or customary tenure; 

 and a Court Leet, in wliich officers are elected and 

 minor otl'ences punished. The lord's demesne 

 includes lands occupied by himself and by his 

 tenants-at-will, including customary tenants. Free- 

 hold lands do not form part of the lord's demesne ; 

 but free tenants are essential to the existence of 

 (t manor. Where the services of free tenants have 

 Ix-en allowed to pass into desuetude, the manor 

 survives as a 'manor by reputation,' hut the Cus- 

 tomary Conrt is kept alive for the purpose of 

 reeording acts and events which affect the title to 

 copyhold lands, and of collecting the quitrents. 

 lines, iVc. , whirl] are payable to the lord. No new 

 free tenure can be created in England since the 

 statute (JUKI /,//////<. passed in 1'290 ; all existing 

 manors, therefore, must trace their origin from before 

 that time. The king himself was lord of many 

 manors in right of his crown ; and these are called 

 manors of ancient demesne, to distinguish them 

 from lands which fell casually into the king's hands 



by forfeiture or otherwise. Manors closely resemble 

 the feudal estates known to the law of Scotland. 

 In the United States there is no institution corre- 

 sponding to the manor. See FEUDALISM. 



Manrent (or properly, MANRED), BONDS OF, 

 agreements wliich used to be entered into in the 

 Highlands of Scotland between the greater and 

 lesser magnates, where protection on the one hand 

 was stipulated in return for allegiance on the other. 



Manresa, a town of Spain, on the Cardoner, 

 41 miles by rail N\V. of Barcelona. It has a fine 

 church (1020-loth century), the cave of Ignatius 

 Loyola, and manufactures of cotton, broadcloths, 

 brandy, &c. In 1811 it was fired by Marshal Mac- 

 donald an outrage avenged by the Catalan knives 

 of the townsfolk. Pop. 16,526. 



Mans, LE, a picturesque city of France, the 

 capital formerly or the province of Maine, and now 

 of the department of Sarthe, on the left bank of 

 the river Sarthe, 132 miles S\V. of Paris by rail. 

 The cathedral, 390 feet long, has a Romanesque 

 nave of the llth and 12th centuries, and a match- 

 less Pointed-Gothic choir of the 13th century, 104 

 feet high, with splendid stained glass. In the right 

 transept is the monument of Berengaria, Coeur-de- 

 Lion's queen. There are two other interesting 

 churches, and both prefecture and seminary occupy 

 old conventual buildings, the former comprising 

 also a museum and a library of 55,000 volumes. 

 Le Mans does a large trade in poultry and clover- 

 seed, and manufactures candles, woollens, lace, 

 soap, &c. Pop. ( 1872) 42,654 ; ( 1891 ) 57,412. The 

 Cenomunnm of the Romans, and the birthplace of 

 Henry II. of England, Le Mans witnessed in 1793 

 the dispersion and massacre of more than 10,000 

 Vendeans ; and in January 1871 the defeat, after a 

 stubborn resistance, of 100,000 Frenchmen under 

 Chanzy by Prince Frederick-Charles. A statue of 

 Clianzy was erected in 1885, and one of Belon (q.v.) 

 in 1887. See Hublin, Le Mans Pittoresqne ( 1885). 



Mansard Roof, a form of roof invented by 

 Francois Mansart (1598-1666), a distinguished 

 French architect. It is 

 constructed with a break 

 in the slope of the roof, so 

 that each side has two 

 planes, the lower being 

 steeper than the upper. 

 The framework ought to 

 lie arranged so that its ' 

 parts are in equilibrium. Mansard Roof. 



This kind of roof has the 



advantage over the common form of giving more 

 space in the roof for living-rooms. 



Manse, in Scotch law, is the designation of a 

 dwelling-house of the minister of the Established 

 Church, and in popular use the term is often 

 applied generally to the dwelling-house of any 

 minister of a dissenting congregation, though no 

 legal right exists in the latter case. In the Estab- 

 lished Church every first minister of a rural parish 

 is entitled to a manse, which the heritors or landed 

 proprietors in the parish are bound to build and 

 uphold ; and he is also entitled, as part of the 

 manse or dwelling-house, to a stable, barn, and 

 byre. The manse must, by statute, be near to the 

 church. When a manse has been built or repaired 

 by the heritors it becomes a free manse, and all 

 ordinary repairs have to be done at the charges of 

 the minister. Decree to the effect that a manse is 

 ' free ' may lie given by the sheriff' ; and such decree 

 stands good for fifteen years, or until the appoint- 

 ment of a new minister. It has been judicially 

 decided that a minister has a right to let his manse 

 at a rent for two months in summer. 



Hansel, HENRY LONOUEVILLE, Dean of St 

 Paul's, was born at Cosgrove rectory, Northamp- 



