MANSION HOUSE 



MANTELL 



27 



SOth March 1793, when the title devolved upon his 

 nephew, Viscount Stormont. 



II JIIISIOH House, the official residence of the 

 Lord Mayor of London, was huilt on the site of the 

 Old Stocks Market in 1739, at a cost of 42,638. It 

 is an oblonw building, and at its farthest end is the 

 Egyptian Hall. Four hundred guests can dine in 

 this grand banqueting-room, which was designed 

 by the Earl of Burlington from the description of 

 an Egyptian chamber given by Vitruvius. All the 

 great banquets, public and private, given by the 

 Lord Mayor take place here, and there are also 

 fine hall and reception rooms. At the close of 

 the exhibition of 1851 the Corporation of London 

 voted 10,000 to be expended on statuary for the 

 adornment of the Mansion House ; and there is 

 also a fine gallery of portraits and other pictures. 

 Among its curiosities may lie mentioned a state 

 lied, which cost 3000 guineas, and a kitchen and 

 culinary utensils extraordinary for their vast 

 .size. The Lord Mayor's jewelled collar of gold 

 and diainonils, his silver-gilt mace, his sword, and 

 1 1 are described, together with his coach and 

 aneient barge, in Thornlmry '> Ol<l and Xew London, 

 vol i. pp. 436, 443. The establishment and expenses 

 connected with the office cost an annual sum 

 of t/_'.i,iMMP; ami it is said that only one Lord 

 Mayor ever saved anything out of his salary. The 

 Mansion House is too modern to possess much 

 historical interest ; but the \Vilkes riots fre- 

 quently took place in its neighbourhood during 

 the mayoralty of Wilkes' friend. Brass Crosby. 

 The Mansion House is often a centre of benevolent 

 enterprise in the collection of money for sufferers 

 by war, famine, flood, pestilence, and earthquake 

 abroad, or by colliery explosions, shipwrecks, and 

 lack of employment at home : and Mansion House 

 Kiinils are also raised for memorials to heroic 

 worth. 



Mansl.limlitrr is the crime of unlawful 

 homicide without malice aforethought. Homicide, 

 or the infliction of death, is not a crime when it is 

 done in self-defence against unlawful violence, or 

 when it is done in the execution of the sentence of 

 a court of justice. Thus one whose life ia en- 

 dangered by the violent attack of a madman, and 

 kills the madman, commits homicide, but is inno- 

 cent of manslaughter. So, too. is the executioner 

 who hangs a convicted murderer. Homicide is 

 unlawful, and amounts to manslaughter when, 

 without lieing justified in any such manner as has 

 been exemplified above, it is committed with the 

 intention to cause physical injury ; or is the result 

 of culpable negligence or omission to perform some 

 legal duty ; or is the result of an accident occa- 

 -ioned by some unlawful act. Thus, if one man 

 strike another without intending to kill him, and 

 the blow prove fatal, the striker is guilty of man- 

 slaughter ; or if, where it is the duty of the master 

 of a ship to keep a lookout for small boat- in the 

 -liip's way, a boat is run down and its occupants 

 drowned in consequence of the absence of a look- 

 out upon the sliip, the master of the vessel is guilty 

 of manslaughter; or if a man is engaged in an 

 unlicensed manufacture of dynamite, and by an 

 iiceiileutal explosion of the dynamite another is 

 killed, the manufacturer is guilty of manslaughter. 

 When manslaughter is accompanied by malice 

 aforethought, it becomes murder. See Sir James 

 Stephen's iJir/eat of the Criminal Law. 



Miiiison. GKOROE, a Scottish water-colour 



Iiainter, was lioni in Edinburgh on 3d Decemlier 

 H.V). He served live years as a wood-engraver in 

 the establishment of Messrs W. & R. Chambers, 

 ntndying art in his spare hours morning and even- 

 ing. His first picture which attracted attention, 

 'Milking Time, was painted at Craigmillar Castle 



near Edinburgh, between four and eight o'clock of 

 the mornings of a whole summer. In 1871 he de- 

 voted himself to painting altogether, but his youth- 

 ful hard study had permanently injured his health, 

 and he died atLympstone, Devonshire, 27th Febru- 

 ary 1876. His pictures, which have increased largely 

 in value since his death, are mostly from humble 

 life ; beauty and refinement of drawing and colour 

 are their great charm. A memoir of him, with 

 photographs of his principal pictures, was pub- 

 lished in 1880. See also P. G. Hamerton's Graphic 

 Arts, p. 311. 



Nillisoiirah, a town of Lower Egypt, on the 

 Damietta branch of the Nile, 30 miles SW. of 

 Damietta by rail. Pop. (1897)34,997. The place 

 was founded in 1220, and here St Louis of France 

 was imprisoned in 1250. 



Miilit. RICHARD (1776-1848), divine, was born 

 in Southampton, educated at Oxford, and after 

 holding cures in England, became successively 

 Bishop of Killaloe ( 1820) and of Down and Connor 

 (1823), with Dromore attached (1842). He wrote 

 with D'Oylv a famous annotated Bible (1814), an 

 annotated Book of Common Prayer (1825), and a 

 History of the Church of Ireland ( 1841 ). See his 

 Memoirs by Berens ( 1849) and W. Mant ( 1857 ). 



Mantrimria. See MANCHURIA. 



Mailtrgna. ANDREA, Italian painter, born in 

 or near Padua in 1431, was the favourite pupil and 

 adopted son of that tailor Maecenas of painters, 

 Squarcione. By studying the antique collections 

 gathered together by his patron, especially from 

 the study of the sculpture, Mantegna became 

 imbued with the spirit of ancient art, and all his 

 works l>ear the impress of the severe dignity and 

 precision of his mixlels. Grace and beauty were 

 not the ideals that he aimed at ; some of his pictures 

 are ]n>sit ivvly ugly. A precocious genius, Mantegna 

 set up an independent atelier when only seventeen 

 years of age. Amongst his earliest works, done at 

 Patina, are frescoes of saints in the church of St 

 Antony, an altarpiece for St Justina, and most of 

 the frescoes of St Christopher, and some of those 

 of St James, in the church of the Hermits. 

 Having married the sister of Giovanni and Gentile 

 Bellini, he seems to have become estranged from 

 Squareione, and left Padua (1459). He painted 

 an altarpiece, the ' Madonna and Angels, for St 

 Zeno's church at Verona, and was induced by 

 Lpdovico Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, to settle in 

 his city. There he remained, with the exception 

 of a visit to Koine (1488-90) to paint a series of 

 frescoes ( now destroyed ) for Pope Innocent VIII. , 

 until his death on" 13th September 1506. His 

 greatest works at Mantua were nine tempera 

 pictures representing the 'Triumph of Ciesar' (his 

 masterpiece). 'The Madonna of Victory with 

 Gon/aga,' 'Parnassus,' 'Defeat of the Vices,' 

 'Triumph of Scipio,' and 'Madonna between St 

 John the Baptist and St Magdalene. ' Like Leonardo 

 da Vinci, Mantegna was something of a universal 

 genius. He was an engraver and an architect, as 

 well as a painter, and is said to have written 

 poems and wielded the sculptor's chisel. He 

 introduced into North Italy, though he can hardly 

 have invented, the art of engraving with the burin 

 on copper. His best plates bear the titles ' A 

 Bacchanal Feast,' ' Descent from the Cross,' ' En- 

 tombment,' 'Resurrection,' 'Battle of the Titans,' 

 ami 'Roman Triumphs.' Mantegna's technical 

 excellencies, his skilful foreshortening, masterly 

 perspective, and austerity of form exercised a great 

 influence upon subsequent Italian art. 



Mailtcll, GIDEON ALGERNON, an eminent 

 British palaeontologist and geologist, was born at 

 Lewes, in Sussex, in 1790 : studied medicine, and 

 practised successively at Lewes, Brighton, and 



