MAORIS 



MAP 



31 



household. He himself died at Milan, 23d May 

 1873, leaving to posterity the memory not alone of 

 a great writer, but of a singularly noble and sincere 

 man. 



A complete edition of his works, in 5 vols., was pub- 

 lished by Nicold Torauiaaeo (Florence, 1828-29). His 

 Letters were collected by Sforza ( 1875 ) ; and a post- 

 humous work on the French and Italian revolutions 

 of 1789 and 1859 was edited by Bonghi (Milan, 1889). 

 Bismara's BibHografa JUanzaniana (Turin, 1875) will 

 be found useful. There are Lives ( Italian ) by Balbiani 

 ( 1873 ), Beraerio ( 1873 ), Prina ( 1874 ), and Pngni ( 1876 ). 



Ma'oris. the native inhabitants of New Zea- 

 land (q.v. ). 



Maormor. See EARL. 



.Map (Lat. mappa, 'a towel'). A map is a de- 

 lineation on a plane of the surface of the earth or 

 of a portion thereof, exhibiting the lines of latitude 

 and longitude, &c., and the form* and relative 

 positions of the countries, mountain-ranges, rivers, 

 towns, &c. ; or it may be of the starry heavens, 

 or of stars and constellations. As it is manifestly 

 impossible correctly to represent a spherical upon a 

 plane surface, geographers are consequently necessi- 

 tated to resort to expedients in order to minimise 

 or distribute the unavoidable distortion and dis- 

 proportion. Hence the use of the various map 

 projections or arrangements of the lines of latitude 

 and longitude. The only true representation of 

 the earth's surface, it is clear, is to be found on the 

 terrestrial globe. This is inconvenient in form and 

 necessarily too small in scale to serve the purposes 

 effected by maps proper, which are usually pro- 

 ilnciil nn paper or other convenient plane sur- 

 faces, ami a series of which, conjoinea, form an 

 ilia*. A hi/ili-ii'i rii/iliii-nl map, specially representing 

 oceans, seas, or navigable waters with their coasts, 

 sandbanks, currents, lighthouses, depths, and other 

 objects and information of importance to seamen, is 

 usually constructed on Mercator's projection, and is 

 called a Chart (q.v.). A special topograpliirnl map 

 represents the details minutely and on a consider- 

 able scale. The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 

 an. I Ireland is a good example of such, and is 

 produced on various scales viz. 6 inches and 1 

 inch to a mile respectively. Some counties are 

 also published on a scale of 1 square inch to an 

 acre. Similar products, the result of exact trigo- 

 nometrical work, are extant of the continent of 

 Europe from the Bay of Biscay to the Lower 

 Volga, and from Sicily to St Petersburg. Portugal 

 also is thus represented, and considerable parts of 

 Sweden and Norway, but not of Turkey or Greece, 

 and but little of Spain. Similarly advantaged are 

 eniisiderable portions of the 1'nited States, Algeria, 

 the Nile Delta, Sinai. Palestine, India, Ceylon, and 

 Java. The results of general but not detailed 

 survey exist of the remaining portions of Europe, 

 United States, Canada, Argentina, Cape Colony, 

 eastern and southern Australia, New Zealand, 

 l.ipan, China proper, and parts of central Asia, 

 Persia, and Asia Minor. Much of the charto- 

 graphy of the rest of the known world is compiled 

 from numerous observations and itineraries, and is 

 fairly reliable. Extensive tracts of North and 

 South America, north Asia, Australia, and most of 

 Africa are only approximately correct. Maps are 

 also constructed for special purposes, and are dis- 

 tinguished as physical, political, military, statis- 

 tical, historical, &c. 



Within the last half-century great improvement 

 has been made in the art of man production or 

 ttuulograpky, resulting in great clearness and the 

 combination of a mass of information with artistic 

 beauty. This is attained in some cases partly by 

 the use of conventional signs or arrangements, such 

 as the adoption of blue colour for coasts and water- 

 cournes, brown for mountain-ranges, and various 



tintings for the divisions, political or otherwise, and 

 to distinguish the various natures of the surface, 

 such as forest, arable, prairie, desert, elevation, &c. 

 The art of lithography has been an invaluable aid 

 in all such cases. In Germany especially has this 

 science-art been carried to the greatest perfection. 



The scale or definite relation of a map to the 

 actual size of nature is indicated by a graduated 

 line, showing by its divisions the number of miles 

 or yards corresponding to any space measured on 

 the map. In comparing various maps by their 

 scales, it is convenient to refer to the scale of 

 nature, frequently indicated in proportional figures, 

 thus 1 : 3,700,000 ; 1 : 500,000, &c. 



The lines of projection on a map are essential for 

 determining the positions of the parts, and indicate 

 latitude, or distance north or south from the equator, 

 and longitude, or distance east or west from any 

 given line. These lines are called meridians, 

 and are usually numbered from the meridian of 

 Greenwich on English maps, and indeed on nearly 

 all maps. Other first meridians in common use 

 are those of Paris, Washington, and Ferro (see 

 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE). These distances 

 are given in degrees, minutes, and seconds, as in 

 other circle measurements. In choosing a pro- 

 jection, regard must be had to the purpose for 

 which it is intended, and to the area to be repre- 

 sented. The errors inherent in a projection nearly 

 imperceptible in a map of England might be fatal 

 to its use in a map of Asia. In a map of the 

 world equivalence of area is of less Importance 

 than freedom from distortion and correctness of 

 relative position. There have been numerous forms 

 of projection devised, including perspectives and 

 approximative developments. Of these only the 

 more familiar can l)e described here. 



The plane on which the perspective map is 

 drawn is supposed to pass through the centre 

 of the earth, and, according to the distance of 

 the eye, the projection is either of the first, second, 

 or third of the following. ( 1 ) In the ortho- 

 graphic the eye is assumed to be at an infinite 

 distance from the centre of the earth, so that all 

 rays of light proceeding from every point in its 

 surface are parallel and perpendicular. From the 

 nature of this projection, it is evident that, while 



Fig. 1. 

 Globular, or Equidistant Projection of a Hemisphere. 



the central parts of the hemisphere are fairly 

 accurately represented, the parts towards the cir- 

 cumference are crowded together and diminished 

 in sixe. On this account it is of little use for geo- 

 graphical purposes, but most suitable for maps 

 of the moon. (2) In the stereoyraphic the eye 

 or point of projection is assumed to be placed on 



