MAP 



33 



This projection, of course, does not give a natural 

 represeutation of the earth, its effect being to 

 exaggerate the polar regions immensely. The dis- 

 tortion in the form of countries and relative direc- 

 tion of places is rectified liy the degrees of latitude 

 being made to increase proportionably to those of 

 longitude. There are other cylindrical projections 

 of the sphere, but this is the most generally valu- 

 able ana best known. It gives an unbroken view 

 of the earth's surface with the exception of the 

 poles, which are infinitely remote. 



Historical. The ancient Greeks considered 

 Anaximander (560 B.C.) as the inventor of carto- 

 graphy ; but there is evidence that about 1UOO 

 years earlier some attempts in that direction had 

 been made amongst the Egyptians. Necessarily 

 these efforts were of the crucfest, and were made 

 upon the supposition that the earth was a plane. 

 After Aristotle the spherical theory was adopted, 

 and the application of astronomical observations to 



geography was first made by Pytheas of Massilia 

 (326 B.C. ), and the first attempts at projections by 

 Dica>arehus of Messana (310 B.C.). Ptolemy's 

 ( 150 A.D. ) rational teaching had an ultimate valu- 

 able influence in the treatment of cartography, 

 although the Romans made little progress in the 

 art, which during the middle ages also showed 

 almost no advance. In the 14th and loth centuries 

 a gratifying improvement is observable in Italian 

 nautical chart*. In the 15th century the revivals 

 of Ptolemy's teaching produced a revolution in the 

 construction of maps, and laid the foundation of 

 modern cartography. There was great increase in 

 the number and importance of maps. The first 

 attempts to improve and increase the methods of 

 projection known to the Greeks were made by 

 Germans, viz. Johann Stoffler (1452-1536), and 

 Peter Apianus (1495-1552), &c. In the same 

 period that Mercator (Gerhard Kremer, 1512-1594) 

 made his invaluable contributions, the Italians, 



Map of British Islands, reduced from the Latin Ptolemy of 1478. 



Germans, and Dutch were active competitors in 

 geographical work. Amongst the increasing host of 

 ii:ini"s connected with the subject are found that 

 of Sfbastiiin Cabot (1544), who produced his map 

 of the world. In Germany, Johann Baptist Homann 

 ( 1644-17241 and Tobias Mayer ( 1723-S6) occur ; in 

 France, Nicolas Sansnn (1600-67), Guillanme de 

 I'M" i I67.V1726), and Jean Baptiste Boujrignon 

 d'Aavtlle ( lfiB7-1782) ; and in Italy, P. Vincent 

 Cornell! Id. 1718). In the 18th century France led 

 . in cartography by state survey resulting in 

 lli" <'<irte Qiometriqvt >/> In frnnre. The British 

 Ordnance Survey was begun in 1784. 



In oar own times excellent maps are produced by the 

 million accessible to all classes, and are of great account 

 for educational purposes. The most prominent names of 

 recent cartographer* are German : Kiepert, Berghaus, 

 Petermann, Hassenitein, Habenicht, Justus Perthes, 

 Ac. ; Italian : Onido ; Coro ; British : Arrowsmith. 

 Hughes {gfiitcatutnal), Ravenstein. and the geographical 

 flrnu of \V. & A- K. Johnston, E. Stanford, and Bartholo- 

 315 



mew A Co. See also the articles CONTOUR LINES, 

 DECREE, EARTH, LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE, MERIDIAN, 

 ORDNANCE SURVEY. 



Map (less correctly, MAPES), WALTER, a great 

 12th-century writer, was bom on the Welsh marches, 

 perhaps in Herefordshire, about 1137. He studied 

 at the university of Paris, became an intimate 

 friend of Becket, was a justice-in-eyre at Gloucester 

 assize in 1173, attendedthe king the same year to 

 Limoges, and for many years later, probably as 

 chaplain, and was sent on missions to Paris and to 

 Rome. He enjoyed the living of Westbury in 

 Gloucestershire, where he had a lonj* feud for his 

 rights with the monks of a neighbouring Cistercian 

 convent, and became canon of St Paul's and pre- 

 centor of Lincoln, but still continued his attend- 

 ance on the king. In 1197, under Richard I., ha 

 became archdeacon of Oxford, and died before 1210. 

 Map, who was Welsh, was a frank, open-hearted 

 man, with a quick wit, bold humour, and an in- 

 dignant contempt for hypocrisy. All these qualities 



