M \K \ NoN- 



MARBLE 



Mamnon. See AMAZON. 

 Marnrhl no. Se* Liyt > ' r, 



M:irnl. JKN I'M i . one of the mmt prominent 

 <Ute in the Krrnch Involution, a bom at 

 Boudrv in N, ml.ntrl, My '-M. 1743. eldest child 

 of Jui Paul Mar*. a physician Mid native ..f 

 Cajrliari. who li.l married Ixtaine ( ahml. a < Jem-van 

 Protestant. Hr -tu. lied medicine HI Bordeaux, 

 next went to Pan-, to Holland, nnd to Ixindon. 

 where for tome linn- IK- practised hi* profession 

 with sneco*. and published a materialistic I'hilu- 

 Mfnitol **ay on Man (1773), liarplv attacking 

 Hrlictin*. and anonvmoai>lv a politic*! ea\. '1'lit 

 Ckai*t of Marcry ( 1774 ). In l,~~> lie paid n visit 

 to Edinburgh, and wu made on June .10. on the 

 remmmntdation of certain Edinburgh physicians, 

 M l> of M Andirw* I niveisity ; and it hardly 

 admit* of dnl>t that HP wa* not tin- John Peter le 

 Mail re. aJmt Mn: Mara, who got live years 



at Oxford asuuee in March 1777 for stealing ruins 

 ami mnlaU. For in June 1777 hi character ami 

 reputation a* a phvftician ami oculist -tood HO high 

 tliat lie wan in. I'd- brevet physician to his gunuU by 

 the Corate d'Artois, aftcrwaids King Charles X. 

 an office which he held till 17*0. Me.mtiiiie ln> con- 

 tinned hi* *rientiti.- work in optics ninl electricity, 

 attracting; tin- attention of Franklin nnd Ooethe, 

 bat the Academic des Science* refused him admis- 

 sion on account of In- attack on Newton. Further 

 writing wcie hi* anonymous /'/ tit l.t^i.\l<ilii,n 

 L'rimiH'llr ( I7HO), a tian.lation of Newton s (t/itirji 

 (1787), anil Mtmtiirt* -in, uu \ouvellet 



DieoHtrtirt tur la Linn,. /. I I7SH). 



But all Paru wao now inferi<-<l with the fever of 

 revoln: Mrat Iliiii^- liiniM-lf with rhain-- 



terbtie aidoiir into thi- war of pamphlet.*, ami at 

 length in Se|itenilM-r I7ss e-talili-h.-,! hi- fiiiuoiiH 

 and infamoti* pa|-r, 1.' Ami , In I'm/ilf. Tlirouxli- 

 out he fought ever for hi" own hand, with l.l.-.ir 

 eyed honesty and iiidoiuitahli- iM-n>u<t^nce, con- 

 unity araUOf i>f trrarhery in lii^h placcH, nnd 

 dxmn< ^. uiih teteruh QpictoninBM in turn 



Necker. Bailly. Ijifayette, the kin-. l> uiie/, 



and thr Kmnidin-. MIK vimh-iu-e provoked the 



xwt vein nt h iir.-.l. and coveml lii> own head 



Mlinli uivive,| for p-nenition; 



but it made him the darling of thi-M-ui 



and placed great power in hi- lian>l- at -miw of the 

 ni'r-t inotnrntoa .-n-e. of the Itevolution. His 

 printing pe lia.l to ! cunningly i-oncnalwt from 

 .-.lie.-, twice at leant he had to flee to 

 b. n. Ion, and oner he wan forced to hide for a time 

 in the ewrn of I'aru. where he contra. -t.-.l a 

 loaiiMonw nkin diwM. yet wan tended with allcc- 

 tionaUt faiihliilm-- l.\ Simonne Rrninl. whom he 

 had married 'one fine <l.-\ in |in-'nc<< of the nn.' 



li ' . ,,-',, >.-i .--.! . . 



: ' , , . .,-.!,... ,: L. M 



doubt that MII hi* bead rent* in (Treat, meamire. the 

 (.-.nit of tlio infaoMNM 8epterolM>r nuuwacrea. He 

 wan elrctml to i lie Convention an one of the depu- 

 ties for I'arw, and wa perim|xi the mo-t tin|K>pular 

 man witlnn the II.HI-. wheie in.lei-,1 hi. inllnenre 

 ever became more than contempt il>lc. tin the 

 declaration of the repuhlir he utartnl hi* imper 

 anew under the title .l,,,,,,,,,i ,/. / /.'//,/,//./< 

 Frmiqttur, After the kin^ death hi. | a t eiieiyin 

 werevpmt In a morUl mniKsle with the (HM.n.lin.. 

 who wlrrilir.| their own downfall when their 

 formal acrnal ion of Marat faile.1 before the tiil.ntial. 

 Hat It wa the tnlMine'n laot triumph. M- a 

 dying fat of the diivaiw he had contrncte.1 in the 

 wren, and cooM only writ* KJttinfi in hi. Lath. 

 There hi* dmtiny mache.1 dim tluon-h the knife 

 of <-harlott. in t |, P PV enin t 



ISlh Jnly I7W. Hb body wan commit te.1 to the 

 Pantheon with the greatet* public honour*, to be 



cart out but fifteen months later amid popular 



8M the Hiitoriri of the French Revolution by Hignet, 

 lhien, Michelet, Loui* HUiic. l.rlyK-, Von STbel, and 

 H. Morw Strphrnn; A. Bougrart. Marat, I Ami du 

 Pnplt (2 ol. l64)s but wpeciallr tlie works by F. 

 Cbevremont, Moral, Indtx du biUiopl.ile 

 i'latardi dt Marat ( 1K77 ) ; and big exhaustive Jean 

 faul Marat, tiprit politigue, acrompnimt dt n vit 

 tcitniifiijue, politiotu, tt print (2 vol. 1881). 



Mnrnllil. Sec MAHKATTAS, INDIA. 



Mnriltlion. village on the eiint coast of 



Ikllrient Attira, -"-' lllilr> N F,. of Athcll*, loll^' 



siip|HiM>d to IK- the iiKHlern MnnitlmiKi. It gtood 

 in a plain 6 mile* long and from 3 to H miles 

 I. load, with a background of mountain* in the 

 we-t. and n ninrxh both on the north nnd south ; 

 ea-twurd it reached the wn 'The mountains look 

 on Marathon, ami Marathon look* on the -IM.' 

 Keren! investigations li\ I'mssian otli<-ris iili-ntity 

 the historic village witli that of liraria. nearly -'.Ji 

 iiiili-s to the south, ami locate the liattle in the 

 plain between the mountain Stavrokoraki ami the 

 MM. nearly 3 miles north-east of Hra.ia. The name 

 of Marathon i gloriously memoralile as the -. .-M.- 

 of the^'reat defeat of the I'er.-ian hordes of I lariiiM 

 liy the Creeks under Miltiades (490 B.C.) one of 

 the divishe liatlles of the world. 



Marnve'dii nn old Spanish copper coin in use 

 fiom 1474 to 1848, was worth atiout ,' : ,th of a 

 penny. Thi-re were also, at an earlier period, 

 marnvcdis of Kold and of silver. 



Mnrlerk, or MKHKKCKK, JOHN, organist of St 

 ' 



Clmpel, Windsor, was condemned to the 

 stake alioiit 1544 for fnvouring the liefoiination, 

 but pai dotted liy favour of Itisliop (iardiner. In 

 1550 he published bis famous ]lt,nl,c <//" Common 

 I'raier Xutal, nn adaptation of the plain chant of 

 the earlier rituals- to the lirst liturgy of Edward 

 VI. He wrote several theological and controversial 

 works; and n hymn for three voices and parts- of a 

 masx by him are extant. He died about 1585. 



Marhlr. in its strict and pro]>er sense, is a 

 rock crystallised in a mcchnroidal manner, lm\ ing 

 the fracture of loaf sugar, and com|Mised of carlxin- 

 ate of lime, either almost pure when the colour 

 is while, or combined with oxide of iron or other 

 impurities which give various colours to it. Hut 

 many other kinds of stone are popularly included 

 under thix title. Indeed any limestone rock siilli- 

 ciently compact to admit of a polish is called marble. 

 It i- only in this vngue sense that the indurated 

 amorphous rocks used in ISritain can receive this 

 name. Such aie the black, red, gray, and variegated 

 limestones of the Devonian system, which aie v n y 

 beautiful from the numbers oi exiiuisitely-pr. 

 corals which abound in them : the marbles of the 

 ('ailmniferoiis series from FlinMiiie, I lerbyshiie, 

 and Yorkshire, no full of enerinites : the -\if\\ 

 mail.].- from the Oolitic rocks at Itance, Stam- 

 ford, and Ycovil ; and the dark I'lirUvk and 1'et- 

 worth marbles, beautifully ' ligun-.r with shells, 

 from tin- \Vealden strata, which were so much used 

 by the architects of the middle auOH. 



larinc or statumy marble is a white fine- 

 pruiniMl rock, reocmbling hwif-sugar in colour and 

 texture, working freely in eveiy direction, not 

 liable to splinter, and taking n line polish. Of the 

 maibli-i used by the ancient*, the most famous 

 wa Parian marble, a finely granular and very 

 durable stone, with a waxy np|M>nrance when 

 poUebed. Some <.f the line-t Ciei-iaii sculptures 

 were formed of this marble, among others, the 

 famon. Venus de Medici. The marble of Pen- 

 telicn* was at one time preferred by the < In .-U- t.i 

 I'atinn, Ix-caiine it was whiter and finer grained. 

 The Partlienon was entirely built of it, and many 



