MARBLEHEAD 



MARCELLUS 



37 



famous statues still remain which were executed 

 in this marble, hut they are always more or less 

 weathered, never retaining the beautiful finish of 

 the Parian statues. The quarries at Carrara (q.v.) 

 were known to the ancients, but they have been 

 more extensively wrought for modern sculptors, 

 who use this marble chiefly. It is a fine-grained, 

 pure white marble, but i so often traversed by 

 gray veins that it is difficult to get large blocks 

 free from these. Of coloured marbles, the best 

 known are the Rosso Antico, a deep blood-red, 

 sprinkled with minute white dots ; Verde Antico, 

 a clouded green produced by a mixture of white 

 marble and green serpentine; Giallo Antico, a 

 deep yellow, with black or yellow rings ; and Nero 

 Antico, a deep black marble. 



A true marlile is a crystalline granular aggregate 

 of calcite, the granules being of remarkably uni- 

 form size. Not infrequently scales of mica or talc 

 occur scattered through the rock. Such a rock is 

 of metamorphic origin : it is simply a limestone 

 which has l>een rendered entirely crystalline from 

 the effects of heat under pressure, as in the vicinity 

 of large intrusions of igneous rock. Marble may 

 therefore be of any geological age. Many crystal- 

 line limestones, which are sometimes entitled to 

 the name of marble, occur associated with gneiss 

 and mica schist, and are often rich in such minerals 

 as gamut, actinolite, zoisite, mica, &c. 



Marbll'lH'ail, a seaport town of Massachusetts, 

 on a rocky promontory, IS miles NE. of Boston. 

 Its share in the fisheries is no longer important, 

 and the manufacture of boota and shoes is the chief 

 industry. Pop. ( 1S90) 8202 j ( 1900) 7582. 



Marblirs. a quaint old town in the Prussian 

 province of Hesse-Nassau, on the Lalm, 59 miles 

 by rail N. of Frankfort and 64 SVV. of Cassel. 

 It i- built on a terraced hill, whose summit ia 

 crowned by a stately castle, dating from 1065. In 

 its Rittersaal ( 1277-1312) was held in 1529 the con- 

 ference between the Wittenberg and the Swiss 

 reformers regarding the Lord's Supper. The fine 

 Gothic church of Elizabeth with two towers 243 

 feet high, was built in 1235-83 by the Teutonic 

 Knights over the splendid shrine of St Elizabeth 

 ( q.v. ), ami was thoroughly restored in 1850-67. The 

 university occupies new'Gothic buildings of 1879. 

 It was founded in 1527 in the Reformed interest 

 by Philip the Magnanimous, Landgrave of Hesse; 

 and among its earliest students were Patrick 

 Hamilton and William Tyndale. It has about 

 80 professors and teachers, 800 to 1000 students in 

 philosophy, medicine, theology, and jurisprudence, 

 and a library of 120,000 volumes. Pop. (1875) 

 9600; (1885) 12,668; (1890) 14,520. See three 

 works by Kullx; (Marburg, 1871-84). 



Marcantonio, or in full, M. RAIMONDI, an 

 Italian engraver, born at Bologna late in the 15th 

 century. A goldsmith by trade, he early turned 

 to engraving, ami received his first great stimulus 

 from wiHidi'tits of Albrecht Durer, which he saw 

 at Venice about 1505. He copied on copper two 

 sets of plates from the German master's designs 

 for the ' Life of the Virgin ' and the ' Passion of 

 Christ.' f-ee D('KKK|. At Rome, where he worked 

 from 1510, he was chiefly engaged in engraving 

 Raphael's works, as 'Lucretia,' the 'Massacre of 

 tlie Innocents,' the ' Three Doctors of the Church,' 

 'Adam ami Eve,' 'Dido,' 'Poetry,' the 'Judg- 

 ment of Paris,' &c., and subsequently those of 

 Raphael's pupil. Ginlio Romano. On account of 

 the |)wer of his drawing and the purity of his 

 expression, he is accounted the best amongst the 

 engravers of the great painter. The capture of 

 Rome by the Constable Bourbon in 1527 drove 

 Marrantonio back to Bologna, where he probably 

 remained until he died, some time before 1534 



came to an end. See the essay by Fisher pre- 

 fixed to the catalogue of his engraved works ex- 

 hibited in London in 1868, and Delaborde's mono- 

 graph (Paris, 1887). 



Marcasite, an iron ore, a variety of Pyrites 

 (q.v.). 



.Marcean, FRANCOIS SEVERIN DESGRAVIERS, 

 French general, was' born at Chartres on 1st 

 March 1769. On the outbreak of the Revolution 

 he was appointed inspector of the national guard 

 in his native town, and in 1792 helped to defend 

 Verdun with a body of volunteers till its surrender. 

 His brilliant military career was ended in four 

 years from this time ; but they were four years of 

 stirring activity. Sent in the following year to join 

 the republican army in La Vendee, he was, for his 

 services in the engagements before Stiumur and Le 

 Mans, promoted to the rank of general of division. 

 Then, proceeding to the north-east frontier, lie 

 commanded the right wing at Fleurus, and after 

 the allies retreated occupied Coblenz. During the 

 campaign of 1796 he was given command of the 

 first division of Jourdan's army, and sat down to 

 invest Mainz, Mannheim, and Coblenz. But 

 whilst covering the retreat of the French at 

 Altenkirchen he was shot, on 19th September, 

 and died four days later. His body was buried in 

 the entrenched camp at Coblenz, but was trans- 

 ferred to the Pantheon in Paris in 1889. He ranks 

 next after Hoche amongst the French generals of 

 the early years of the Revolution, not only for 

 military genius, but also on account of the nobility 

 and uprightness of his personal character. See 

 Lives by Doublet de Boisthihault (1851), Maze 

 (1888), anil Captain T. G. Johnson (1896). 



Mnrrello. BENEDETTO, musical composer, born 

 in Venice on 1st August 1686, was a judge of the 

 republic, and a member of the Council of Forty, 

 and afterwards held important administrative 

 offices at Pola and Brescia, where he died on 

 24th July 1739. He bad a passion for music, 

 and is remembered as the composer of music for 

 Giustiniani's version of the Psalms (Svols. 1724- 

 27), of numerous concertos, canzoni, cantatas, a 

 pastoral, an oratorio, and other pieces, distinguished 

 tor their simple yet elevated style, and as the 

 author of a satirical work, II leatro alia Moda 

 (1720). 



Mareellns, the name of two popes, of whom 

 the second deserves special notice, as having, when 

 Cardinal Marcello Cervini, taken a very prominent 

 part in the discussions of the Council of Trent, over 

 which he was appointed to preside as legate of 

 Julius III. He was elected pope 10th April 1555, 

 and survived his elevation but twenty-two days. 

 He did not follow the usual custom of laying aside 

 his baptismal name and assuming a new one. 



Mareellns M. CLAUDIUS, a famous Roman 

 general, of one of the most eminent plel>eian, 

 families. In his first consulship (222 B.C.) he 

 defeated the Insubrian Gauls, and slew with his 

 own hand their king, Britomartus or Viridomarus, 

 whose spoils he dedicated as sjyolia opima to Jupiter 

 the third and last occasion in Roman history. 

 In the second Punic war Marcellus took command 

 after the disaster of Canine, and put a check upon 

 the victorious Hannibal -at Nola, in Campania 

 (216 B.C.). Again consul in 214 B.C., he gave a 

 fresh impulse to the war in Sicily, but all his efforts 

 to take Syracuse were rendered unavailing by the 

 skill of Archimedes, and he was compelled to regu- 

 larly blockade the city. Famine, pestilence, and 

 ultimately treachery on the part of the Spanish 

 auxiliaries of the Syracusans, opened its gates 

 (212 B.C.), after which the remainder of Sicily was 

 soon brought under the dominion of the Romans. 



