MARGRAVE 



MARIA THERESA 



41 



spoixlent in London, who holds them for him and 

 grants a credit in his favour on the security of 

 them. The Canton banker operates upon this 

 credit by drawing upon the London hanker, and 

 sells his drafts at the most favourable exchange. 

 With the money received lie purchases other bills, 

 ami remits them also, to be again drawn against. 

 When these operations are made with caution and 

 sound judgment they are beneficial to all con- 

 cerned ; but when engaged in without sufficient 

 knowledge or recklessly they involve most disas- 

 trous consequences. 



Margrave. See MARCHES, MARQUIS. 

 Marguerite. See MARGARET. 

 Marguerite. See CHRYSANTHEMUM. 



Marlieineke, PHILIPP COXRAD, Protestant 

 theologian, Imrn at Hildesheim on 1st May 1780, 

 began to teach at Gottingen in 1804, was appointed 

 a theological professor and university preacher at 

 Erlangen in 1805, and subsequently held theological 

 chain at Heidelberg (from 1807) and Berlin (from 

 1811). He died on'.llst May 1846. After Hegel's 

 death Marheineke was the chief figure among the 

 right wing of that philosopher's disciples. His 

 Hegelian views found expression in Grundlehren 

 der Dogmatik (2d ed. 1827) and Vorlesungen iiber 

 die Christliche Mm-nl, Doffaiatik, &c. (4 vols. 

 1847-49). He also wrote Hesrhichte der deutschen 

 Reformation (4 vols. 2d ed. 1831-34), Instil iitionea 

 (3d ed. 1830), System des Katholizismus 



in seiner vfW/Wn'/i Entwickelung (3 vols. 

 1810-13), and other works. 



Maria Christina. queen of Spain, bom at 

 Naples, 27th April Ism;, was a daughter of Francis 

 I.. Icing of the Two Sicilies. In 1829 she became 

 the fourth wife of Ferdinand VII. of Spain, and 

 in October of that year gave birth to a daughter, 

 Isal*lla II. Ferdinand died 29th September 1833, 

 and by his testament his widow was appointed 

 guardian of her children the young Queen Isaltella 

 and the Infanta Maria Louisa, Duchess de Mont- 

 pensier and also regent. A civil war broke out 

 (see CARLISTS); but the queen-mother seemed 

 indifferent to everything except the company of 

 Don Fernando Milling, whom she made her chaml>er- 

 lain, and with whom she was united, in December 

 1833, in a morganatic marriage. She had ten 

 children by him. A conspiracy, which broke out 

 on the night of the 13th August 1836, led the 

 queen-mother to concede a constitution to Spain. 

 In 1840 a popular commotion ensued, and she gave 

 to the new prime- minister, Espartero, a renuncia- 

 tion of the regency, and retired to France, whence 

 she returned in 1843. Her participation in the 

 schemes of Louis Philippe as to the marriage of her 

 daughters in 184C, ami the continual exercise of 

 her influence in a manner unfavourable to consti- 

 tutional liberty, made her hateful to the patriotic 

 party in Spain. At length, in July 1854, a revolu- 

 tion expelled her from the country, and she again 

 took refuge in France, but returned to Spain in 

 1864, only to retire again in 1868. She died at Le 

 Havre, August 1878. See CARLISTS, and SPAIN. 



.Maria Louisa, the second wife of Napoleon 

 I., burn 12th Do-ember 1791, was the daughter of 

 the Kmperor Francis I. of Austria. She was 

 married to Napoleon after the divorce of Josephine, 

 2d April 1810. On 20th March following she bore 

 a son, who was called King of Rome. At the be- 

 giimiiig of the campaign of 1813 Napoleon appointed 

 ner regent in his absence, but under many 

 limitations. On the alidication of Napoleon, not 

 being permitted to follow him into exile, she went 

 with her son to Schonbrunn, where she remained 

 till 1816, when she received the duchies of Parma, 

 Piacenza, and Guastalla. In 1822 she contracted 



a morganatic marriage with Count von Neipperg. 

 She died at Vienna, 17th December 1847. 



See Lives by Kelfert (1873) and Imbert de Saint- 

 Aiuand (Ens.', trans. 188<i), her Coi-respondance (1887), 

 and the SI' moire* of Mine. Durand, her maid of honour 

 (1885). 



Mariana. JUAN, a Spanish historian, was born 

 at Talavera in 1536. entered at eighteen the then 

 rising order of the Jesuits, and afterwards taught 

 in the Jesuit colleges at Home (where Bellaimine 

 was one of his scholars ), in Sicily, and finally in 

 Paris. After seven years of labour in Paris he was 

 driven bv ill-health to Toledo, and there he lived 

 in unbroken literary labours till his death, at an 

 extreme old age, in 1624. His Histurias de Rebus 

 Jlix/mniie first appeared ir. 20 books in 1592, and 

 was supplemented by 10 additional books, carrying 

 the narrative down to the accession of Charles V., 

 in 1605. Its admirable Latinity and undoubted 

 historical merits give it an abiding value. Mariana 

 j himself published a Spanish translation (1601-9), 

 which still remains one of the classics of the lan- 

 guage. His Trnctatus VII. Theoloyici et Uistm-trl 

 ( 1609) roused the suspicion of the Inquisition. 

 But the most celebrated of the works of Mariana 

 is his well-known treatise De Rege et Regis Institu- 

 tione (1599), which raises the question whether it 

 be lawful to overthrow a tyrant, and answers it 

 in the affirmative, even where the tyrant is not a 

 usurper but a lawful king. This tyrannicide doc- 

 trine drew much odium upon the entire order of 

 Jesuits, especially after the murder of Hemy IV. 

 of France by Kavaillac in 1610 ; but it is only just 

 to observe that, while, upon the one hand, precisely 

 the same doctrines were taught in almost the same 

 words by several of the Protestant contemporaries 

 of Mariana, on the other, Mariana's book itself was 

 formally condemned by the general Acquaviva, and 

 the doctrine forbidden to be taught by members of 

 the order. 



Mariana Islands. See LADRONES. 



Marianna, an episcopal city of Brazil, 3 miles 

 E. of Ouro Preto. The neighbouring gold-mines 

 are exhausted. Pop. 5000. 



MariailllS Scot us (1028-82), an early Irish 

 chronicler, who, quitting his country in 1052, be- 

 came a Benedictine at Cologne in 1058, and settled 

 in the monastery at Fulda. Ten years later he 

 removed to Mainz, where he taught mathematics 

 and theology. He left a Chronicon Universale, 

 which began at the creation and came down to 1082. 

 It was published at Basel in 1559, and by Waitz 

 in 'Monumenta Germaniif.' Another Marianus 

 Scotus, famous as a copyist and calligrapher, was 

 abbot of St Peter's at Itatisbon in 1088. 



Ufaria Theresa, empress, the daughter of 

 the Emperor Charles VI., was born at Vienna, 

 13th May 1717. By the Pragmatic Sanction (q.v.), 

 for the fulfilment of which the principal Euro- 

 pean powers became sureties, her father appointed 

 her heir to his hereditary thrones. In 1736 she 

 married Francis of Lorraine, afterwards Grand- 

 duke of Tuscany, to whom she gave an equal 

 share in the government when, on the death of her 

 father, 21st October 1740, she became queen of 

 Hungary and of Bohemia, and Archduchess of 

 Austria. At her accession the monarchy was 

 exhausted, the finances embarrassed, the people 

 discontented, and the army weak ; whilst Prussia, 

 Bavaria, Saxony, and Sardinia, abetted by France, 

 put forward claims to the whole or to portions of 

 her dominions. Frederick II. of Prussia claimed 

 Silesia, and poured his armies into it ; Spain laid 

 hands on the Austrian dominions in Italy ; and 

 the Bavarians, assisted by the French, invaded 

 Bohemia, and, passing on into the archduchy of 

 Austria, threatened Vienna, the Elector of Bavaria 



