MAUIK CALAXTK 



M AH INKS 



to* arts, and Paris owes to her the Luxembourg. 

 Bee tbe Life hy Miss Pudoe (9d ed. 3 vohv 18M>. 



Harlr (.nlanlr. a Kicn.-h island in the West 

 Indies, dicovcml by Columbus m 1483, lies 17 

 miles SK of Cuadeloupe. Area, 58 sq. m. It w 

 covered for the most jiart with wood, and surrounded 

 by eorml reefs. .nee, cocoa, an. 1 cotton are 



exported. '. Chief town, (Jiandbourg, 



or Marig.it. on the south-west coast. 



>l arir II had. one of the most fr.-.jucnle.l of the 

 Bohemian |s. 47 miles by mil N\\ of I'ilsen, at 

 an elevation of 2<V>7 fii-t alsive sea-level. The 

 spring* have long been nsed by the people of the 

 vicinity, but it i only since IMi7 s that it has 

 become a place of resort for persons fmin distant 

 parts of the world. Thn springs are numerous, 

 varying in tem|wrature from 48* to 54* F. 1 

 are -.ilmc. containing sulphate of soda and various 

 sJkalin>- ingif.li.-nt-. but dineiing considerably in 

 their coni|MM>iti.in ami qualities. They are used 

 U. ill internally and in the form of Iwith*. (ireat 

 ipi.iiitiiii-s of tlio waters of some of the springs are 

 e\|N.rt.-l 10 .listnnt places. Marienhad is sur- 

 rounded by w.Kslcd heights, has a population of 

 8W19. and'i \isit.-l every season by upwanls of 

 M .1 WO patients. See Frmser Rae's A iittnatt Health 

 JUtorU (\t). 



Mari.-nlM-rii. a mining town of Saxony, 38 

 mil.- SW. of Hr.~l.-n. Pop. 6139. 



Mnririililiru. an old town of Prussia, on the 



Nognt. .'Mi mil.- i.\ Kill S>K. of Dan/i,;. It was 



scat of the (irand Masters of the Teutonic 



who icmoM-d fnmi Venice hither in 



1300. The fortress of the Knights, however, was 

 found. -.1 h.-ie about 1274. Marienburg remained ill 

 their hands till I4J7, when it was taken by the 

 Pole*, and by them it was held till 1772. The 

 castle, in which seventeen Grand Masters resided, 

 a noble edifice in a style of (iothic |-.-uliar to the 

 vicinity of the Baltic, was thoroughly restored in 

 18174'.'. r..p I- 1803)10.738. See 



w..rk. by Witt (1854) and Itergau ( 1871 ). 



Wurlrnwrrdrr. a town ..f W.-st Pnissia, is 



piclurraonely nituatnl .1 miles K. of the Vistula 

 and M by rail S. of linn/ig. It was founded in 

 \'O by the Teiilonic Knights, and has an old 

 castle and a domkirrhc { I:*M >. Top. ( I - 



rlflla. capital of Washington count v. (Ihio, 

 oa the i' i. 115 miles SK. of Columbus. 



Founded in 17ns. it i. tl,e oldest town in the stale, 

 is the Mat of Marietta College (l-vdi, and has 

 varied manufactures and a trade in the |-tn>leuni 

 fouo.1 near by. Itrmarkahle traces of the earth- 

 builders are visible here. Pop. ( 1000 ) 13,348. 



>l.n n Hi- PitHba. FK\ -XTK FKKIH 



MI. Kgvptian exidorrr, was horn at lioulogne, 

 llth February lv.ll. and was lncatd at the 

 municipal eolMM of the town. He became Fn-n. h 

 nuul-r at a school at Stratford on Avon in I >:;!. 

 and in IIMO a pattern -designer at C<entrv. Hut 

 be soon retained to Boulogne, and after taking his 

 ilsgns at Dooay ( IH4I I wan appointed profeor at 

 bis native rallege. His eonnoction with Nestor 

 I'Hftte, the rompsnion of Champollion, dn.-fi.- 

 MwiotUi's attention to the hieroglyphic inonu 

 Mats ; in 18M be enterr.1 the Egyptian depart 

 mtmt of tbe Louvre and in IMO was despatch.-.! 

 la Egypt in searoh of Coptic M-- \S lul-t th. ,.- 

 be nuMM bis famous discovery of tl> Scrapemn. the 

 Inu-tmried cemetery of tbe Api bulls, ami brought 

 la light a host of ini|>riniii monuments ami in 

 Uosw in Mrmpbi. Kakkara, (ii/ch. and the neigh. 

 bourbood In IH.VI be was appointed Kn-jicr of 

 MesjnmvnU to UM Egyptian government, and 

 lhMMcforwar.1 hi. life w.. .lei.,t| t.. ,. 

 tplomUoa in the Nile valley. With indefatigable 



imliutrr he dug out the Sphinx and the tvtnplcy o 

 l)et>dera and Edfu, revcahil the MI.IM. -lions nculp- 

 turm of Me>di'ini nnd lii/eh. niul the coiirtx and 

 iptiona of Mollnet Halm. I >e\ r -el llahrt, 

 Karnak, and AhydoK, and IMU-IIII the e\i"ivatimi 

 iis, sini-i- ].ui~ueil by the Kgypt Kx|i|ina- 

 ti.ui Kiiml. Nor wan he leas active with pen and 

 ix-m-il. In 1850-57 appeared hi> >. /.</"""' ' 

 .WnniJiii (aim ed. Manpero, 1882); four edltfoM 

 of hi AirrfH tit I'Htttoire f&nft came out 

 U-lwwn 1804 and IH74, and six of the CatalofflU 

 ,/u MUM/I <le Jtuii/iii (which he foumle.1 in lsf,:(. 

 and whiob U full of the results of his liilmurs ) from 

 1804 to 1876; be publish.-.! siiinptnoiis descrijitinns 

 in many volt ...... s, with folio plates of the chief 



templei." lh;l,r;h (1870-75), Abydot (1869-80), 

 Kiirnitl; ( lH7. r >), 1>< // >' -Hnhm-i (Is77), Motmmtntt 

 />irer(lH72, ff.); while his Itintniirr </ In llmile 

 &rypt has Iwen translatwl by his brother (Menu- 

 tnf'nlt of I' niter K<j\li>t, 1877), and his Maxtnl*i* 

 edited by ttttftto (1882). Itet-ides the lionlak 

 i now <;i/cln Museum, which owes its evisteiu-e to 

 iU lirat director, Mariettc fnuiuleil the French 

 School of Egyptology and the Kgyptinti Institute. 

 He was. raipeil to the rank of a pasha in 1879; 

 he died at Cairo, 19th January 1881. and was 

 buried in the garden of lii- museum. 



See E. De*eille, Aug. Marittte (1H82); H. X AVallon, 

 Jfntiff, Int. de Fnnoe (1883) ; A. B. Edwards, Academy 

 (January 1881). 



Marignnno. See MELEONANO. 



Mnritcoldt a name given to certain plants of 



the natural order Coniposita', chielly of the genera 

 Calendula and Tagetes. Pot Marigold I ( 'nlfnthilii 

 nffii-iiiiilit) is an annual, a native of France and 

 the mure southern parts of Furope, with an erect 

 stem, 1 to 2 feet high, the lower leaves olwvate on 

 long stalks, and large, deep yellow (lowers. It 

 has long been very eoiiimon in Itrit ish gardens ; 

 there are varietie with iloul.le (lowers. Tlie whole 

 plant has a slight aromatic odour and a bitter 

 taste. It was formerly in great repute as a car- 

 minative, and wax reminded also as an aperient and 

 smlorilic. The Hinds were the part used, and 

 in. \ were dried in autumn to !>o preserved for use. 

 They are often employed to adulterate saffron, 

 ami sometimes for colouring cheese. They "ere 

 formerly a frequent Ingredient in soups, and are 

 -i ill so used in some parts of F.nghuiil. The yenus 

 Tagetes consists of annual and perennial herbaceous 

 plants, natives of the wanner parU of America, 

 although 7'. rnrlii. one of those most frequently 

 cultivated ill I'.ritain, liears the name of African 

 Marigold; and T. jiiiliiln, another annual well 

 known in Uiilish (lower iM.rdei-s, is called French 

 Marigold. Until s|x-ies are Mexican. They have 

 IN-, -n long iii cultivation, are much admired, and 

 rc<|uiie the assistance of a hotbed in spring in the. 

 collier jwirtH of Itritain. Corn Marigold is a Clu\-- 

 "iitliem ..... |i|.v.). Marsh Marigolil (n.v.) has no 

 botanical allinity with the true marigolds. 

 MnrliM* KiiKlnc. Seesn ,.\\i I. 



Marines, or the Koyal Marine Forces, are that 

 liody of the military forces of the crown which is 

 under the control of the Admiralty, for sen ice in 

 the navy. They wen- first raised in 1064, the orig- 

 inal aim. sine., modilii.,1, In-ing to form a nursery 

 whence to obtain seamen to man the licet. The 

 commerce of Kngland was then too limited to pro- 

 cure from out of the merchant fleet sufficient sea- 

 men for the public service ; and, as those obtained 

 by tin- system ,>f impress were not easily amenable 

 to discipline, the presence of some marines o dis- 

 ciplined troo|w had to ! relied on to chock or snp- 



i lirew the fiei|uent tendency to mutiny. The force 

 i now eoni|Mcd of two branches, with separate 



1 1UU for the promotion of offlcers, styled respeo- 



