MARK ANTONY 



MARLBOROUGH 



49 



its ideal and figurative elements and its deepest 

 religious meanings. That such was the case with 

 his early companion John at least is a theory that 

 bus found considerable acceptance with Christian 

 nofeficte, See JOHN (GOSPEL ACCORDING TO). 

 But even so, there are passages in Mark in which 

 the narrative is so brief and vague as to make it 

 difficult to believe that they rest on the authority 

 of an eye-witness only once removed. This is con- 

 fessedly the case with Mark, xvi. 9-20, and partly 

 also with the history of the closing days in Jeru- 

 salem, though even this abounds with many pictur- 

 esque touches, such as that in xi. 4. Instances are 

 frequent in which the exegete feels constrained to 

 suppose some dislocation or derangement of a con- 

 text, or misunderstanding, perhaps mistranslation, 

 of a saying. See, in particular, chap. xiii. 



The general conclusion of the critical discussion 

 is that in the second gospel on the whole we hear 

 the language of a reporter who had often listened 

 to one who claimed to have been present at the 

 scenes he described. The weight of traditional as 

 well as of internal evidence goes to enow that it 

 was produced in Rome about 70 A.D., perhaps 

 rather after than l>efore that date. Apart from 

 what he had heard in Petrine circles, the author 

 doubtless felt himself at lilierty to make use of 

 whatever he may have gleaned elsewhere from wiiat 

 he deemed trustworthy sources for the Galilean and 

 Jerusalem tradition. It is even a question whether 

 he may not actually have seen or heard read, in 

 whole or in part, the 'logia' of Matthew. That 

 the second gospel was used by the authors both of 

 the first and or the third may lie regarded as now 

 made out. On the assumption that the ' logia ' of 

 Matthew contained absolutely no narrative mate- 

 rial, it used to be argued that the second gospel 

 must originally have l>een somewhat fuller than it 

 now is I 'original ' Mark, ' Ur-Marcus'). But this 

 theory is now very generally given up. A more 

 likely supposition is that the original form was 

 shorter than the present. Mark, xvi. 9-20, is con- 

 fi-^si-dly late. It is not improbable that the preface, 

 i. 1-3, was at one time absent. Some have thought 

 that vii. 24-viii. 26 did not occur in the copy of 

 Mark used by Luke. Keuss has long held that 

 the original Mark consisted onlv of L 21-vi. 48 and 

 yiii. 27-xiii. 37. It is not unlikely that editorial 

 in-c.Ttions and alterations have been made through- 

 out. Critical investigation into the genesis of the 

 synoptical gospels, though far advanced, cannot be 

 said to have reached completion, and there is good 

 reason to hone that scholarship may yet succeed in 

 reaching still more definite results. 



See the works enumerated under GOSPELS, especially 

 the introductions of Holtzmann and Weiss, and also the 

 commentaries by these author* (Weiss, 7th ed. of Meyer, 

 1885; Holtzmann, 18X9). Compare aluo P. Ewald, Dai 

 II >iii,,/ /<,',/, ,n ,1, , Ernngelienfrage ( 1890). The English 

 text of Mark is printed, and its relations to Matthew and 

 Luke graphically exhibited, in Abbott and Rushbrooke's 

 Common Tradition of the Synoptic Ootpelt (1884). A 

 suggestive reconstruction of the supposed first redaction 

 of Mark is given in Solger 1 * Uremrujelium ( 1890). 



.Hark Antony. See ANTONIUS (MARCUS). 



Market-Drayton, or DRAYTON-IN-HAT.ES, a 

 town of Shropshire, on the Tern, 18 miles NE. of 

 Shrewsbury. It has a grammar-school (1554) and 

 a church dating from the 12th century, up whose 

 spire Clive (n.v.) clambered as a lioy. At Blore- 

 hi-ath, 3 miles to the east, the Yorkists won a 

 victory in 1459. Pop. of parish, 5188. See two 

 works by J. B, Lee (1861) and T. P. Marshall 

 (I ssi I. 



Mnrkrt-IInrhoroiigh. a market-town of 

 L> ii'i'storsliire, on the river Welland and the Union 

 Canal, Ifi miles SK. of Leicester, 18 N. of North- 

 ampton, and 84 NNVV. of London. It has traces of 

 316 



a Roman camp ; a fine Perpendicular church, built 

 by John of Gaunt as an atonement for his intrigue 

 with Catharine Swynford, with a broach spire 154 

 feet high ; a corn exchange ( 1858 ); and a grammar- 

 school (1614; restored 1869). Charles I. slept here 

 before Naseby. Situated in a rich grazing country, 

 it is a famous hunting-centre, and gives title to one 

 of Whyte-Melville's novels. Pop. ( 1851 ) 2325 ; 

 (1881) 5351; (1891) 5876. See works by John H. 

 Hill (Leicester, 1875) and J. E. Stocks (Lond. 1890). 

 Markets. See FAIRS. 



Markham, SIR CLEMENTS ROBERT, F. R. S. , and 

 since 1 896 K. C. B. , geographer, is a son of the Rev. D. 

 Markham, canon of ^\ indsor. He was l>om 1830 at 

 Stillinglleet, near York, educated at Westminster, 

 from which school he entered the navy in 1844. 

 Immediately on passing as lieutenant in 1851 he left 

 the navy, and in 1855 became a clerk in the Board 

 of Control. In 1863 he was elected secretary to the 

 Royal Geographical Society, and in 1867 became 

 assistant-secretary in the India Office. In 1868 he 

 was placed in charge of the geographical depart- 

 ment in that office. He served in the Arctic 

 expedition ( 1850-51 ) in search of Sir John Franklin. 

 He explored (1852-54) Peru and the forests of the 

 Eastern Andes ; he introduced (1860) the cultiva- 

 tion of the cinchona plant from South America 

 into India ; served as geographer ( 1867-68 ) in the 

 Abyssinian expedition,and was present at the storm- 

 ing of Magdala. Of his numerous publications, 

 which include many translations from the Spanish, 

 and several antiquarian and genealogical works, 

 mention can only here be made of his Grammar 

 and Dictionary of the Ynca Language (1863-64) : 

 The Threshold of the Unkttmcn Kegion ( 1874 ; 

 4eds.); The War between Chili and Peru (1879; 

 3 eds.); Missions to Thibet (1877; 2 eds.j; his 

 Reports on the Moral and National Progress of 

 I ml in Jor 1871-73 ; and his Life of John Davis, 

 in the 'Explorers' series (1889). He edited the 

 Geographical Magazine from 1872 to 1878. 



Marking Ink. See INK. 



Markirrll (Fr. Ste-Marie-aux-Mines), a town 

 of Upper Alsace, on the Leber, 40 miles SW. 

 of Strasburg by rail, with important cotton and 

 woollen mills. Pop. (1890) 11,870. 



Marl, a mixture, naturally existing, of clay 

 and carbonate of lime. Marls are found in very 

 different geological formations, but everywhere 

 seem to owe their origin to deposition by water. 

 The name is sometimes applied to friable clays, 

 or mixtures of clay and sand, in which there 

 is almost no trace of lime ; but the presence of a 

 notable proportion of carbonate of lime is essential 

 to marls, properly so called. This proportion varies 

 from 6 to 20 per cent. Marly soils are in general 

 of great natural fertility. Marl is very advantage- 

 ously used as a manure, acting both chemically 

 and mechanically ; but different kinds of marl are 

 of very different value in this resnect. The use of 

 marl as a manure has l>een practised from ancient 

 times. An English statute of 1225 ( 10 Henry III. ) 

 gave every man a right to sink a marl-pit on his 

 own ground, and there is other evidence that the 

 application of marl to land was common in 

 England in the 13th century. The quicker action 

 Mid greater efficiency of lime have led to its use 

 in many cases instead of marl, although some 

 kinds of marl are extremely useful in some soils. 

 The bulkiness of marl confines its use to the neigh- 

 bourhood in which it is found. Marl is some- 

 times indurated into a rock ; a slaty variety, 

 containing much bitumen, is found in Germany. 

 See also LIAS. 



Marlhoroilgh, an old and interesting market-, 

 town of Wiltshire, pleasantly situated in the valley 



