MARMALADE 



MARMORA 



53 



he could hardly have left a lietter poem than Hero 

 and Leander. Comedy he would never have 

 attempted ; he had no humour. In tragedy he 

 prepared the way for Shakespeare, on whose early 

 work his influence is firmly stamped. 



Dyce's scholarly edition of Marlowe's works has not 

 been superseded. It was issued in 1850, 3 vols., by 

 Pickering ; revised edition, 1 voL 1858. Cunningham's 

 edition (1 vol.) is useful but inaccurate. In 1885 the 

 present writer brought out an edition ( 3 vols.). Marlowe's 

 best plays are included in the 'Mermaid' series, ably 

 edited by Mr Havelock Ellis. l>r fiiustus has been 

 elaborately edited by Professor A. W. Ward. In Ger- 

 many Messrs Hermann, Breymann, and Albrecht Wagner 

 are engaged in reproducing the old texts, with the 

 original orthography and exhaustive lists of varice 

 lectionet. In 1888 it was resolved to erect a monument 

 to .Marlowe's memory on the Dane John, Canterbury. 

 No authentic portrait is extant. 



Marmalade ( Port, marmelada, from mar- 

 melo, ' a quince ; ' which, again, is from Mid. Lat. 

 malomellum, Gr. melimelon, ' honey-apple ' or ' sweet 

 apple') is a semi-liquid preserve, made by boiling 

 the pulp of thick rinded fruits, such as oranges, 

 pine-apples, quinces, &c., with portions of the 

 rind. The most common kind of marmalade is 

 made from the bitter or Seville oranges, the com- 

 mon or sweet sorts being considered inferior for 

 this purpose, though also occasionally used. The 

 woolly coating on the interior being removed, the 

 rind IB cut up into thin strips, and trailed along 

 with the expressed juice of the pulp and a quan- 

 tity of sugar equal in weight to the other in- 

 gredients. The preserve is now made on a com- 

 mercial scale in factories at London, Dundee, 

 Paisley, and elsewhere. 



Marinioii. SHACKERLEY, minor dramatist, was 

 born in Northamptonshire, January 1602, studied 

 at Wadham College, Oxford, and took the degree 

 of M.A. in 1624. He squandered his fortune, 

 fought in the Low Countries, and joined Sir John 

 Suckling's troop for the expedition against the 

 Scots, but fell sick at York and returned to 

 London, where he died early in 1639. He left 

 behind an epic, Cupid and Psyche (reprinted 

 by Singer 1820), and three comedies, Holland's 

 Leaguer, A Fine Companion, and The Antiquary. 

 The last form a volume (1875) in Maidment and 

 Logaa'l Dramatists of the Restoration. The ancient 

 family of tin; Marmions of Scrivelsby were the 

 former hereditary champions at English corona- 

 tions. They came in with the Conqueror and 

 settled at Tamworth, but became extinct with 

 the fifth baron under Edward I. Scott says of the 

 hero of his poem, ' I have not created a new family, 

 but only revived the titles of an old one in an 

 bttgblHy personage.' 



Marmont, AUOUSTE FREDERIC Louis VIESSE 

 DE, Duke of Ragusa and Marshal of France, was 

 born 20th July 1774 at Chatillon-sur-Seine, entered 

 the army at an early age, and made the acquaint- 

 ance of Napoleon at Toulon. He accompanied 

 him to Italy, where his courage at Lodi, Cas- 

 tiglinni', and San Giorgio, earned him the rank 

 of general of brigade in the campaign of Egypt. He 

 Mtamed with Monaparte to France, supported him 

 in the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, and com- 

 manded his artillery at Marengo, after which he 

 became general of division. He was sent to Dal- 

 matia in 1805 to defend the Ragusan territory 

 against the Russians, defeated them at Castel- 

 nuovo, and was made Duke of Ragusa. Hence he 

 was summoned to join the great army in 1809, the 

 day before the battle of Wasrram-, was entrusted 

 with the pursuit of the enemy, won the battle of 

 Znaim, and earned a marshal's baton. He was 

 thereafter for eighteen months governor of the 

 Illyrian provinces; and in 1811 succeeded Massena 



in the chief command in Portugal, where he showed 

 skilful strategy in the presence of Wellington. A 

 severe wound, received at the defeat of Salamanca, 

 compelled him to retire to France. In 1813 he 

 commanded a corps d'armee, fought at Liitzen, 

 Bautzen, and Dresden, and maintained the con- 

 test with great spirit in France in the beginning 

 of 1814, till further resistance was hopeless, when 

 he concluded a truce with Barclay de Tolly, which 

 compelled Napoleon to abdicate, and earned him- 

 self from the Bonapartists the title of the traitor. 

 The Bourbons loaded Marmont with honours. On 

 the return of Napoleon from Elba he was obliged 

 to flee. After the second restoration he lived in 

 retirement till the revolution of 1830, when, at the 

 head of a body of troops, he endeavoured to reduce 

 Paris to submission, and finally retreating with 

 6000 Swiss, and a few battalions that had continued 

 faithful to Charles X., conducted him across the 

 frontier. From that time he travelled much and 

 resided chiefly in Vienna and Venice, where he died, 

 2d March 1852. He was the last survivor of the 

 marshals of the first French Empire. His chief 

 work is his Esprit des Institutions Militaires ( 1845). 

 His Memoires fill nine volumes (1856-57). See 

 Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du Lundi, vol. vi. 



Marmontel, JEAN FRANCOIS, a famous but 

 hardly a great French writer, was born of an 

 obscure family at Bort, in the Limousin, llth July 

 1723. He made his studies in a Jesuit college, and 

 found employment in a seminary at Toulouse, hut 

 early turned to literature, and went to Paris in 

 1745 by advice of Voltaire. Here he wrote suc- 

 cessful tragedies and operas, and was fortunate 

 enough in 1753 to get a secretaryship at Versailles 

 through the influence of Madame Pompadour. 

 Soon after he received a more lucrative appoint- 

 ment, the otlicial journal, Le Mercure, being 

 entrusted to his charge. In its columns he com- 

 menced the publication of his finished and oft- 

 translated Conies Moraux (1761). Marmontel was 

 elected to the Academy in 1763, and became its 

 secretary in 1783, as well as Historiographer of 

 France. After the Revolution he retired to tho 

 village of Abbeville, near Evreux, where he died, 

 31st December 1799. His most celebrated work 

 was the well-known Belisaire, a dull and wordy 

 political romance, containing a chapter on tolera- 

 tion which excited the most furious hostility on 

 the part of the theologians of the Sorbonne, to 

 which Marmontel replied in Les Incas by ascrib- 

 ing the cruelties in Spanish America to religious 

 fanaticism. In 1787 appeared his interesting and 

 valuable, but completely uncritical, Elements de 

 Litterature, consisting of his contributions to the 

 Encyclopedic, His Memoires is an interesting 

 survey of his whole life, brightened by glimpses of 

 all the great figures he had seen cross the stage 

 from Massillon to Mirabeau. 



His own edition of his complete works fills 17 volumes 

 (17SO-87), to which must be added 14 volumes published 

 posthumously. Good editions are those of ViUtnenvn 

 ( 1819-20 ) and Saint-Surin ( 1824-27). See Sainte-Beuve's 

 Causcries du. Lundi, vol. iv. 



Marmora* LA. See LA MARMORA. 



Mar'mora, SEA OF, the Propontis of the an- 

 cients, separating European from Asiatic Turkey, 

 and connecting the .i^Egean Sea by the Dardanelles 

 (anc. Hellespont) with the Black Sea by the 

 Strait of Constantinople (anc. Bosporus). It 

 is of an oval form, is 175 miles in length by 50 in 

 breadth, has an area of 4499 so. m., and a maxi- 

 mum depth of 4250 feet. The Gulf of Ismid 

 extends about 30 miles eastwards into Asia. The 

 sea contains several islands, the largest of which 

 is Marmora or Marmara (area, 50 sq. m. ), famous 

 for its quarries of marble and alabaster. 



