MARONITES 



MARPRELATE 



55 



at Paris in 1827, he produced 'Young Girl sport- 

 ing with a Dog,' ' Fallen Angel,' relief on the 

 Arc d'Etoile, an altarpiece for the Madeleine, a 

 memorial work for Bellini's tomb, a statue of 

 Latour d'Auvergne, &c. On the outbreak of the 

 revolution in 1848 he repaired to London. In 

 Britain his best works were statues of Queen 

 Victoria for Glasgow, of Richard Ceeur-de-Lion, 

 and of Lord Clyde in Waterloo Place, London. 

 Mounted figures of Emmanuel Philibert and 

 Charles Albert of Savoy were chiselled by him for 

 North Italy. He died at Paris on 4th January 

 1864. 



Maronites, a Christian sect of Syria, generally 

 regarded as the descendants of a remnant of the 

 Mouothelite sect (see MONOTHELISM), who settled 

 on the slopes of Lebanon in the 7th century. They 

 take their name from a monk Maro, who lived in 

 the 5th century, or more probably from their first 

 patriarch Moro ( 701 ). These pe'ople maintained 

 their independence against the followers of Islam; 

 hut in the 12th century, on the establishment of 

 the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, they abandoned 

 tlieir distinctive monothelite opinions, and recog- 

 nised tlie authority of the Roman Church. In 1445 

 they entered into a formal act of union with the 

 BOMB Church; in l.~>84 a college was founded in 

 Koine by Pope Gregory XIII. for the education of 

 th" Maronite clergy ; and in 1738 they formally 

 tmlwrribed the decrees of the Council of Trent. 

 Nevertheless, they retain their distinctive national 

 rites and usages, and use the ancient Syriac lan- 

 guage in their liturgy ; their clergy, if married 

 before ordination, are permitted to keep their 

 wives ; and they have many festivals and saints 

 not recognised in the Roman calendar. The 

 Mammies, a sturdy, warlike race of mountaineers 

 (see LEBANON), number aliout 250,000. Their 

 patriarch, who is elected by their bishops, subject 

 to the approval of Rome, resides in the convent of 

 Kanobin on Lebanon. Many convents for both 

 sexes are spread over the country, especially in the 

 neighbourhood of Bsherreh, above Tripoli ; the in- 

 mates follow the rule of St Anthony. The relations 

 of the Maronitcs with their implacable foes, the 

 Druses, have been already detailed under DRUSEa 

 MM I.KHANON. See Baedeker's Palestine, by Socin 

 (2.1 ed. 1880). 



Maroons, the name (derived from the Span. 

 eimarron, from cima, 'a mountain top') given in 

 Jamaica and Guiana to fugitive negro slaves. 

 When the British conquered Jamaica from the 

 Spaniards in 1655, numbers of slaves took refuge 

 in the uplands. They and their descendants, called 

 Maroons, maintained a constant warfare with the 

 colonists for 140 years ; but in 1795 they were sub- 

 dued, and a portion of them removed to Nova 

 Scotia, and afterwards to Sierra Leone. The rem- 

 nant fraternised with their manumitted brethren 

 in 1834-35. The Maroons of Guiana, who are 

 generally called Bush Negroes, about 4000 alto- 

 gether, form a number of independent communities. 

 See Dallas, History of the Maroons ( 1803). 



Maros-Vasarhely, capital of the Szekler 

 district* in Transylvania, stands on the Maros, 28 

 miles SE. of Klausenburg. It contains a fortified 

 castle, an old Gothic church (Reformed), a library 

 of 70,000 volumes, and a collection of minerals anil 

 antiquities, and has a trade in timber, tobacco, 

 win.-, r-,,rn, and fruits (particularly melons). Pop. 

 (1881)12,883; (1890) 14,212. 



Marot, CI.KMENT, a distinguished French poet 

 of the time of Francis I., waS Imrn at Cahors in 

 1496 (?). Largely owing to the influence of his 

 father, who was both poet and courtier, he began 

 at an early age to write verses, and, abandoning 

 his legal studies, entered the service of Margaret, 



Duchess of AIen9on, afterwards Queen of Navarre, 

 to whom many of his poems are addressed. He 

 was wounded at the battle of Pavia in 1525, and 

 at the end of the year was imprisoned on a 

 charge of heresy, but was liberated in the spring of 

 1526. Having a witty pen and a satiric turn, and 

 not being particularly prudent either in speech or 

 conduct, he made many enemies and gave his royal 

 patrons considerable trouble. During his absence 

 from Paris in 1535 his house was searched, and 

 compromising literature was found in his library. 

 His claim that a poet should be permitted to read 

 everything being disallowed, he fled, first to the 

 court of the Queen of Navarre, and later found 

 refuge with the Duchess of Ferrara. He returned 

 to Paris in 1536, and in 1538 began to translate the 

 Psalms, which in their French dress became very 

 popular, especially at the court, where they were 

 sung to favourite secular airs, and helped to make 

 the new views fashionable at least. He was 

 encouraged by the king to continue his translation, 

 but the part published in 1541 having been con- 

 demned by the Sorbonne, he had again to flee in 

 1543. ^ He made his way to Geneva, but, finding 

 Calvin's company uncongenial, he went to Turin, 

 where he died in 1544. His poems consist of elegies, 

 epistles, rondeaus, ballads, songs, sonnets, madri- 

 gals, epigrams, nonsense verses, and longer pieces 

 of a general character ; and, though he himself tells 

 us that love was above all his master, his special 

 gift lay in the direction of badinage and graceful 

 satire. Marot has a singularly light touch, and a 

 great power of simple natural expression, and in 

 all his poems if we except some early rhetorical 

 exercises there is the distinctive style Marotiqve 

 which has had an important influence on French 

 literary language. Though he was persecuted for 

 his religious views, he expressly declares that he 

 was not a Lutheran, and probably like many of his 

 friends Dolet for instance he had no very 

 definite theological beliefs. 



See (Emres C'omplitn(t vols. Paris, 1873-75) ; (Euvrei 

 Ckoisici, an admirable selection ( Paris, 1826 ) ; Life by 

 Vitet (1868); Douen, CUment Marot et It Pmvtier 

 Huijuenot (2 vols. 1879). Of Guiffrey's costly edition 

 only two volumes had appeared in 1890. 



Maro/.ia. a Roman lady of noble birth, but of 

 infamous reputation in the scandalous chronicles of 

 her age, daughter of the equally notorious Theo- 

 dora, was born in the close of the 9th century. As 

 the mistress of Pope Sergius III., and mother and 

 grandmother of three popes (John XL, John XII., 

 and Leo VII.), she exercised the greatest influence 

 on the political affairs of her time in Italy. She 

 was married three times, and, if we may credit 

 the narrative of Luitprand, hail skill and address 

 enough to procure the deposition and death of 

 Pope John X., and subsequently the elevation of 

 her son as John XI. Marozia's later years 

 brought on her the punishment of her crimes. She 

 died in prison at Rome in 938. 



Marprelate Controversy, a bitter war of 

 vigorous and often homely pamphlets, waged 

 against official Episcopacy by the Elizabethan 

 1 'mi tans. Many of these were written by de- 

 prived ministers, but were published under the 

 comprehensive name of Martin Marprelate. The 

 time of greatest activity was about 1589, and the 

 liooks were printed in spite of severe government 

 repression, successively at Moulsey near Kingston- 

 on-Thames, Fawsley in Northamptonshire, Norton, 

 Coventry, Welstone in Warwickshire, and in or 

 near Manchester. The names of the chief writers 

 were John Penry (hanged), John Udall (left to 

 rot in jail), Fenner, John Field, and Job Throck- 

 morton who wrote Hae ye any Work for Cooper ? 

 One of the best attempts to answer the Marprelate 

 writers was Bishop Cooper of Winchester's Admoni- 



