MAK-H 



MARSHALL 



till leave* wHiiPthing to br .h-.ir.-d. Its memor- 

 able buildingm inclu.le the new llyzantine basilica, 

 which Mwve* a* a rathedral ; the pilgrimage church, 

 Notre Dame de la liarde. with an image of the 

 \ iigm grvally \cnernt<sl by sailors and iMiermen. 

 and with innumerable e\ \otootletings. Imilt in I sr, | 

 on the MI.- of an old cha|~-l of I'.'U : tU- chinch of 

 St Victor i I -jut i, with subterranean chajs 1 and cnta 

 romb* of the llth ccntnn : the health ollice of the 

 port, with line paintings l.y Vcmct. Mat id. Gerard, 

 and GIII-IIII ; the museum of antiquities, in the 

 Ch.iie.-tu Borely : tin- Longchaiim palace, a tery line 

 KenaisMinre building I 1*70 i. which shcliei* iii one 

 wing the pictuii- gallciy. ami in the other the 

 natural history museum : the public library, with 

 ft'i.OOO volumes and I.VJo MSS. The public 'institu- 

 tion* embrace a botanical and a zoological garden, 

 a marine and an aslionomical observatory, a faculty 

 of sciences, and schools of medicine,* fine art*, 

 Oriental languages, music, commerce, hydrog- 

 raphy. Pop. , lv;| i -Ji.!.'.!!!! : i lsx,|):H>.Ofl9; (1880) 

 376.143 (inrlnding a colony of 4O.U") Italians I; 

 (1891) 403.74", Marseilles was the birthplace of 

 Pytheas. Petninius. Thieis. and I'uget. 



One of the oldest towns in France. Marseilles was 

 founded by I'hoceaiu from Asia Minor six hundred 



Sean before Christ. It was for many centuries, 

 own to 300 A.D., a centre of Greek 'civilisation. 

 The Greeks called it Ma*ui/in, the Komans 

 Mutal,,i. At the rival of Carthage it sided with 

 Rome. It supported Pom|wy against Ciiwar, but 

 wa* taken by the latter in 4!) n.c., after an obstinate 

 defence. During Bubse/pieut ages it fel! into the 

 band* of toe Saracens (9th century), Charles of 

 Anjou and Provence (Kith century), Alplmnso V. 

 of Aragon ( 1423). and Henry III. of France ( I.17.H 

 In III-.' it hn.l In-come a republic; but in llMio it 

 waideorived l.y Ix.ni. XIV. of the privileges it had 

 enjoyed a* a_free jxirt almost frtim its foundation. 

 The year* I7'.JO and I7'JI an- memorable for the 

 devutations of the plague in the i M1 rt. when nearly 

 half the ixipiilation of KXl.OOO iicnshcd, and for the 

 splendid heniism of Ilishop Befsuuce and the Chei 



alir UIHM>. It was the scene of stirring event* in 

 n and I7W, and sent, large Un.l. of cut throats 

 to Pari*. braide* keeping auhVicnt at home to carry 

 on wbolawle mur.l-i. In 1x71 Manu-illes, always 

 otorion* for it* extrrnn- republicanism and law- 

 MSMM**, proclaimeil the commune. It- i.iinmeii'e 

 ba* grown rapidly since the conquest of Algiers 

 and the opening of the SUM Canal. 



fcj UM *Miitieal *ad hi.ton.al worki of F.rre, of 

 BoMia, MM! of Mkthira ( 1H7V ), *nd the toporrai.bical 

 couant of tteiinl ( 1KH4 ). 



1ar-h, NH, an American philo 



Mgtot, was l.rn at W.Ut. k. Vermont, Slaix-h 



I : graduated at Dartmouth College, Mew 

 Ham|hiri-. in IwjO; sttidiml law in Burlington 

 Vermont; wa* elected to the Supieme Kxccutive 

 Conneil of Ute Mate in IS.T.. and to conirreM in 



l*l'. WhiUl I nit.-l Stnt.M. minister at 

 ConUntinopln from IMil to 1853 h was charged 

 with a .|-ial mi.n.n to Gmvr ( I.V.-J) in IHlil he 

 WM appointed thfi firt fnitwl States mini-i.-r to 

 the newly-formnl kingdom of Italy He .., 

 made LL.I). by Hart an) in IK.W. ainl ddiveml 

 cnar*e* of lectami on Knglinh philology at Col 

 umbtaand at thr lx>ell lnlilut<. m lu.-t.,n ||,. 

 dil at Vslloiol.rta in Italy. .Inl Marsh 



luul a sound nowMfial Kngli.li philology, and 

 In* cni'f works am valunl miiallv on litli si.|i- 

 of UM Atlantic. Thw are hi. 'l.rri,,^ ,, tl, r 

 i*ftuk UmftHtfi ( I NO I ) an : ,/ //,. 



^"JSf . *"f* . f- a "9 tM 9 t ( iHliai. Other works 

 ' Inmfl. AIJ IMMMMM, Hulntt, ,! I'.,, 

 I*M|, and Ma* a*ri 



IH74>. fee Ltfi and Ldltn by hi* widow 



| , "VS" 



Narxh. Mirs- , ;,., Ann.' Cahlwell ), was liorn in 

 I7l at l.imlley WIM|, Stallorilshire ; imirrieil in 

 1SI7 the junior juirtner of the forj.i-r Fauntleroy; 

 iiml ln-tween ls;u iin,| IH." prodm-ed a M 

 iiii\i-l-.of which the In-st were Ttoo Old Jffen't 7V/A .>-, 

 Kmiliii n',fi,Miiin ( IH4 ; new ed. 1888), ami .\ , 

 mini'* Briift, In 1858 she came into the Limlley 

 Wood property, where she died 5th October l->74.' 



Nnrsh. (triiMKi. CMAKI.KS, paln-ontologist, 

 wan bom at Lockport, New York, Jitth OctoU-r 

 Is'fl, graduated at Vale in 1860, ami xtmlieil 

 zoologj-, geiiloxy, and mineralogy for two year* 

 further at New Haven, and for other three veare 

 in (iernmny. He lieeame the first prolrssiir of 

 Pain-on tolony at Yale in 18<5, and thenceforward 

 devoted himself to the investixalion of extinct 

 American vertebrates, of which in various exjieili- 

 tioris to tho Rocky Monntainn ho disomi-rcii over a 

 thousand new xpecies. Borne representing wholly 

 new orders. They include a new mib-clasa of odoii. 

 tornithes, a new order of pterodactyles (pterano- 

 ilontia), the tillodontia and dinooerata, fossil mon- 

 keys from the Eocene of Wyoming, ami several 

 new familienof Dinosauria (q.v.). Professor Marsh 



... 



many of his discoveries in the ... 

 Journal of Mi-tin; ami issued a series of valuable 

 monographs ( published by government) on (lilnntnr- 

 Httlit* ( 18J), Dinorcra(a( 1884), iro;wrf 



, , ( Is- 



He was LL.1X of Harvard, PhD. of Heiili 1 

 lerg, and in 1877 received the Bigsby medal of the 

 Geological Society, London. Died 18th .March 

 1899. 



Marshal ( Fr. mnrtdutl ; Old High Ger. marah, 

 'a battle horse,' anil sc/itil/i, 'a servant'), a term 

 meaning originally a groom or manager of the 

 horse, taoagn eventually the king's marshal became 

 one of the principal officers of state. The royal 

 farrier rose in ili^'nity with the increasing imix>rt- 

 ance of the rlicmlrrtr, till he liecame, conjointly 

 with the Constable (q.v.), the judge in courts of 

 chivalry. When the king headed his army in 

 leiulal times, the Mtetnbled troops were inspected 

 hy the constable and marshal, who lixed the spot 

 for the encampment of each noble, and examined 

 the mimlier, amis, and condition of his retainers. 

 \\ith these duties was naturally combined the 

 regulation of all matters connected with armorial 

 eanngs, standards, and ensigns. In England the 

 earl marshal U now head of the Heralds' College 

 (see HERALD), and the dignity is hereditary in the 

 family of the Duke of Norfolk. In Scotland the 

 office of marisohal was hereditary in the family of 

 Keith (i ( .v.). In 1710 George, tenth Earl Marisc'hal, 

 was attaint. <! in consequence of his share in the 

 rebellion of the previous year, and the office has 

 since lieen in advance. In France the highest 

 military officer is called a marshal, a dignity 

 which oiiginat.il early in the 13th century. There 

 wan at hrst only one Martchal d Fran<-r,'a.m\ there 

 were but two till the time of Francis I. Their 

 number 'afterwards became unlimited. Napoleon's 

 iiiaishalu are celebrated. From the title of this 

 I general ollirci* the Germans have Imrrowed 

 ih.'ir rchl marschall, and the British (since 1730) 

 their Held marshal (q.v.). 



Msirslinll, capital of Harrison county, Texas, 



itand. at the jtindion of three railways', 40 miles 



Bnnrreport, l-ouisiana. It contains a ladies' 



ege. mid has railway machine shops, foundries, 



ami a trade in cotton. Pop. ( HKNI) 7^ 



Marshall. .IOIIN, chief.justioe of the United 



Male., wa* Urn in Fmiquier county, Virginia, 



4th SpptomUr I7.V.. and wassUidying law when 



the I.evohition bagu. He waved as an olficer 



\7 t !r", < lJ"" l " r hi " fatl "' r - Colonel Thomas 

 Marsha I ( l,*> K02)~from 1775 tc 1779; in 1780 he 

 Motived, while in Richmond, a license to practUe 



