MARTINEAU 



MARTYN 



69 



Man, four volumes of children's tales, and Life in 

 the Sick-room. She recovered through mesmerism, 

 left Tynemouth, and fixed her abode in the Lake 

 Country, where in 1845 she built herself a house in 

 Ambleside. The same year she published Forest 

 and Game-law Tales. In 1846 she visited Egypt 

 and Palestine, and on her return issued Eastern 

 Life. In 1849 she completed Knight's History of the 

 Thirty Years' Peace; in 1851, in conjunction with Mr 

 H. G. Atkinson, she published a series of Letters on 

 the Laws of Man's Social Nature and Development; 

 and in 1853 she translated and condensed Comte's 

 Philosophie Positive. She also wrote Household 

 Education, Biographical Sketches, and contributed 

 largely to the daily and weekly press and the larger 

 reviews. She died 27th June 1876, and was buried 

 at Birmingham. Her Autobiography, written and 

 printed many years before, was published with an 

 editorial volume in 1877. 



Harriet Martineau was brought up as a Unitarian, 

 and descril>es herself when a girl as ' sincerely and 

 heartily religious. ' Her views gradually changed, 

 and she became an Agnostic. She was a vigorous 

 thinker, seeing clearly and saying clearly what she 

 had to say. Her sympathy, kindness of heart, 

 integrity of mind, and impartiality of judgment 

 won esteem and affection for her, even from those 

 who did not share her opinions, and few literary 

 women have in their time enjoyed more fame than 

 bhi! did. 



Martineail. .IAMBS, theologian, brother of the 

 preceding, was born at Norwich, 21st April 1805. He 

 was educated at the grammar-school of his native 

 city, and under I >r Lant Carpenter at Bristol, and 

 had already been a Unitarian minister at puhlin 



anil Liverpool, when in 1841 he was appointed pro- 

 fessor of Mental and Moral Philosophy at Man- 

 chester New College. He removed to London when 



that institution was transferred thither in 1857, 

 becoming also one of the pastors in Little Portland 

 Street Cliapel. He became principal of the college 

 in 1868, and held the office till his retirement in 

 1885. Martineau was recognised for fifty years as 

 one of the profoundest thinkers and most effective 

 writers of his day. Earnest and lofty in his aims, 

 and catholic in his sympathies, lie unites strong 

 grasp of thought and power of subtle analysis to a 

 rare mastery of English style. Indeed in tfie power 

 of elucidating the most abstract thought he has 

 seldom been surpassed, and he is no less learned 

 than original. Martineau received the degree of 

 LL.D. from Harvard in 1872, Doctor in Theology 

 from Levden in 1875, and U.D. from Edinburgh in 

 1884. He was one of the founders of the National 

 Review (1855-64), and was a frequent contributor 

 to its pages. He died I'-Jth January 1900. 



His principal works are The Rationale of Religioui 

 Inquiry (1836) ; Humni for the ChrMian Church and 

 Home (1840); Endeavnurt after the Christian Life 

 (2 vols. 1843-47); Mucellaniei (1852); Studiet of 

 Chrittianity (1858); Kuayi, Philotophieal and Tlteologi- 

 cal(2vo\s. 186H); Hymn* of Praitc and Prayer (1874) ; 

 Jfvuri of Thought on Sacred Thiny* (2 vola. 1876-SO); 

 A Study of Spinoza (1882); Typci of Ethical Theory 

 (t Tol*. 1885); A Study of Reliyum : its Source! and 

 Contenti (2 vein. 1888); The Scat of Authority in Re- 

 ligion ( 1890 ) ; and Studies, Reviews, and A ddrettei ( 1891 ). 



Martinet, a French general of the time of 

 Louvois (q.v.). 



Martinique, called by the natives Madiana, 

 is ono of the Lesser Antilles, in the West India 

 Islands. It is 43 miles long by 12 to 20 broad, and 

 has an area of 380 sq. m., and (1895) In7,!i-' inliali 

 Hants, of whom only 10,000 are whites. The island 

 was discovered by the Spaniards in 1493, colonised 

 by the French in 1635, and except for three short 

 intervals (1761-63, 1794-1802, 1809-14), when it 

 was held by the British, it has been a French 



colony ever since. A mountain-knot in the north 

 (4430 feet) and another in the south are connected 

 by a low ridge, all being densely covered with trees. 

 There are numerous short streams. The coasts are 

 irregular and high, except on the west, where stand 

 St Pierre (pop. 20,000), the principal commercial 

 place, and Fort de France (15,000), the capital, 

 which was nearly destroyed by tire in 1890. The 

 climate is moist and hot (annual mean 79 F.), and 

 yellow fever is a not (infrequent visitor. The soil 

 is very productive. About one-half of the land in 

 cultivation is occupied with sugar-cane the staple 

 crop. Of the other half about 75 per cent, is 

 planted with manioc, sweet potatoes, bananas, and 

 other food plants, whilst coffee, cocoa, and tobacco 

 are each cultivated to a small extent. There is 

 also considerable grazing of cattle, sheep, and 

 goats. The exports (sugar, molasses, and rum 

 mostly) average nearly 850,000 annually; the 

 imports (textiles, flour, fish, rice, and cotton, &c. ) 

 about 955,000. Slavery was abolished in 1848 ; 

 labour is largely performed by coolies (27,000). 

 Railways connect the principal towns. See works 

 in French by Pardon (1877), Hue (1877), Key 

 (1881), Aube (1882), and Basset (1886). 



Martinmas, in Scotland, is one of the four 

 term-days for paying rent viz. llth November. 



Martinsblirg, capital of Berkeley county, 

 West Virginia, in the Snenandpah Valley, 114 miles 

 by rail WT of Baltimore, contains a large distillery, 

 several mills and factories, and extensive railway- 

 shops. Pop. 7564. 



Martins Ferry, a city of Ohio, on the Ohio 

 River, 89 miles by rail SW. of Pittsburg, contains 

 iron-works, &c., and very large glass-works. Pop. 

 (1900)7760. 



Martins, CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON, 

 traveller and naturalist, was born on -17th April 

 1794, at Erlangen, and studied medicine there. In 

 1817-20 he went to Brazil as member of a scientific 

 expedition sent out by the Austrian and Bavarian 

 governments, and by his researches in that country 

 acquired a reputation which ranked but little in- 

 ferior to that of Humboldt. This reputation was 

 chiefly established by the books he published after 

 his return one on the journey (3 vols. 1824-31), 

 several on the cryptogams, palms, and other plants 

 of Brazil, on the medicine of the Indians, and on 

 the ethnology and languages of that region, be- 

 sides other ootanical works. He was professor of 

 Botany (1826-64) and Director of the Botanic 

 Garden (1832-64) at Munich, and died in that 

 city on 13th December 1868. 



Martins' Yellow. See DYEING. 



Marios, a town of Andalusia, Spain, 16 miles 

 SW. of Jaen, on a steep hill crowned by an old 

 castle. Pop. 14,654. 



Martyn, HENRY, a missionary-martyr, was 

 born at Truro, February 18, 1781, and educated 

 at Truro grammar-school and St John's College, 

 Cambridge. He was senior wrangler and first 

 Smith's prizeman in 1801, and next year became 

 Fellow of his college. At first he meant to 

 study law, but the influence of Charles Simeon, 

 acting on his own enthusiastic temperament, de- 

 termined him for a missionary. After taking 

 orders he served some time as Simeon's curate, 

 but in 1805 sailed for India as a chaplain under 

 the Company. He was stationed successively 

 near Serampore, at Dinapore, and at Cawnpore, 

 ami from the beginning gave himself to the 

 study of the native languages with an eager zeal 

 that surmounted even his greatest difficulty- 

 broken health. He translated the whole New 

 Testament into Hindustani, Hindi, and Persian, 

 as well as the Prayer-book into Hindustani and 



