MAKTYK 



MARVELL 



the PnalniK into Pereian ; and next, hi* ardour 

 rising M the sand* of hi* time I:IM swiftly out, 

 muled to llu-hire, travelled thence to Shiraz, 

 Tabrix, Eriviui. Kara, Ertenmni, and Tokat, where 

 be MUik exhausted by fever, 6th October 1-1-.' 

 His Life wa written liy Sargent (islil; new ed. 

 IK.V.I. \Vill-rf..ree (IK3T), nn<l C. Smith (IWJ). 



Unrtyr ( <; r. mnrtu*. martiir, 'a witnem'), 

 the name given in ecclesiastical history to tlumo 

 wlin, liy their frarleM profession of Christian truth, 

 and i-]~i-i:lly by their fortitiule in submitting to 

 death Itself rather tlmn iiltamlon their faith, bore 

 the 'witness' of their blood to ita superhuman 

 origin. "f the H.IIIIC use of the wont there are 

 some example* also in the New Testament, an in 

 AeU, xxii. 3i; Kev. ii. 1.1; \v ii. B. Hut this 

 meaning, as it- t>-<-hni> nl ami establish.^! signiiica- 

 tinn. is (lerixeil mainly from ecclmiastic.il writers. 

 During the |*'i-.-. iiti.m- of the Christian* in the 

 liist three ecntiiii.-s (MV Ciiriti-ii Hivrncri, con- 

 temporary writer*, as well pagan as Christian, 

 record that many ( 'hristians, preferring death 

 to apostasy. l.-:ime nmitynt or wiinesnes in 

 blood to the faith, often ' in circumstances of 

 the utmost heroism. The courage and con- 

 stancy of the xuli'eiers won tlie highi-st admira- 

 tion from the brethren. It was lield a special 



trivilege to receive the martyr's benediction, to 

 iss his chain*, to \ i-it him in pri-ni, or to con- 

 vene with him ; anil a practice arose hy whieh the 

 martyni Rave to sinners who were BBdefgaiag a 

 course of public |M-nance letters of comiiieinlalion 

 to their bishop IS.H- lsiiri.i.KVK). The day of 

 martyrdom, m.uiiiver, on being held to be the day 

 of the niar(\i'* entering into eternal life, was 

 cjilh-d the imt.i! or lin-tli day, ami as Kiieh was 

 celebrated with |>eculiar honour, and with sp'-.-i.il 

 religious sci\ic.-s. Their (todies, rlothes, lH>k!, 

 ami thcutrieroliiecU which they hail |x>ses.Heil were 

 lioiKniriil nn tUutt Iq.v.), r..,,| their tomlw were 

 xi-itiMl for the piirpfMe of ankiii^ their iiitftvession 

 (we ('AMiMs \ 1 1"\ i. I'yiniaii hays of catechu- 



IK- u ho died In-fore liaptiiii, that they hail been 



linpti-i-d 'uitli the mint ^luriuns haptisin of I. ].>.>. I ;' 

 ami th bliMMl liaptitin was helil to remit xin and 

 tin- l<-ni|Miral jN'iiiilly of in also. The liumlier of 

 martyni who Milfered death dining the lirxt a^'es 

 of Chri-lianitv lian been a Huhject of treat eontro- 

 -iifti.-ul writer*, with the natural 

 i.iide of partisanship, have, it can hardly be doiil.t.-.!, 

 leane.1 to the >ide f -\aKeration. Some of their 

 Matein.-iits Rr) . p.,|p;ihly excewive ; and Cibbon, 

 in his \rell known IHth ehapter, thrown j-reat iloul.t 

 even on the IIMM miNlerate of the i-omputations 

 of the rhui.li hist,,ii:ins. But it i- rleaily though 

 liilelly hown hy Ciii/nt, ill his not.-, on tin- ccle- 

 brate.1 rhapter, that (,il)lm' rtitirism-iare foiiinhtl 

 on unfair and partial data, and that even th.- >eiy 

 authorities on ln-h he relie. demoii-trute tin- 

 fallariouoiieoii of In. ronelii-i.uit. The limt re- 

 ..nli-<l m. ut vr .if ChriHlianity, callnl the 'jimto 

 martyr,' won St.-phen, WHOM death in rworaed in 

 AcU, L and >ii. The pmlomartyr of IliitJiin wa. 

 Alln of Venil.im, who miirrrol iimler Ui.M l.-tiaii 



U9MorKOL 



MAI: a lint of the mmmemoration 



day* of Christian martyr*, i^nrrallv with MHIIP 

 ocoont of th.-ir lifr ami death, nrrnn^er) in the 

 nnlft of month* and day, ami intended partly to 

 bt r**d in tlra pul.lir aervie at tli rhun h, pwtljf 

 for the gnidanrt. of the faithful in their ,!.->, .-,,, 

 TlM MM of the martypilouv U cnnrmon to U.th the 

 lAtln ami the (irr^k C&nfcl in the hut. 

 callnl mmology, or 'month calendar.' Nearly all 

 the later Ww*rn Mrtgmkftai r w.| ii t ..n 

 owe or other of Uirw work., the Hiemnymian. the 

 Lemer Roman, and Ilo-lc'ii Martymlojo. Th- 

 r, which WM lUted to U compiled by 8t 



Jerome from records of martyrdoms collected hy 

 EoaebiuB, is itoelf a compilation fnmi numerous 

 earlier calendar*, and contains notices of many 

 fact* long 8uU>e<|ncnt to Jerome's time. A copy 

 of the Lower Itoman Martynilo^y was discovered 

 at Itaveniia by Ado, Airhliishop of Vieiine, in 850, 

 and seems to have been rather a private historic, 1 

 calendar than one intended for public use. The 

 iiiih'|H'iidetit compilation by lU-de has come down 

 to u only in later editionx, chiefly of the iith 

 century, as that of Florux of Lyons, Hiahanug 

 Maiini, Ado of Vienne, ami I'Miurd of 1'uris, as 

 well aw that of Notker of St Call (912). The Ix-st- 

 known menology, that compiled by order of the 

 Kni|ieror ISaxil, the Mai-ednnian, in the 9th century, 

 was edited in 1727 by I'ai.iinal I'rhini. In 1866 

 Profeaoor AV. Wright puhlinhed a Syriac martyr- 

 ologj- recently discovered by him, and written in 

 or Vfore 4I'J. The ollioial ' Kniiian Martyrnlo^v,' 

 designed for the entire church, was published liy 

 authority of (Sregory XIII., with a erilieal com- 

 mentary, by Haronius in 1"SO ; an enlarged edition 

 of the same was issued by Hosweyd in 1613. 



Martyr, PETER. See PETER (ST). 



Mnrilt i, in Hindu Mythology, the god of 

 wind. See INDIA, Vol. VI. p. 104. 



.Harvell, AXIMIKW. was l<om March 31, 1621, 

 at \\inextead, in the East Hiding of Yoikshire, 

 where bis father, who three years later Wame 

 master of the grammar .school and lecturer at 

 Trinity Church in Hull, was rector of the parish. 

 In his thirteenth year he went toTiinity College, 

 Camlirid^e. \\ith a Hull exhibition, anil in lli:i!( 

 grailuated It.A. In .lanuary 1(141 he lost his 

 father, drowned in crossing the Hunilier, 'to the 

 great gjief of all good men,' says Fuller, and at the 

 dose of the same year his university career came 

 to an end, through non-observance "of bin 'days 

 and acts.' It was probably after coming of age in 

 1642 that he set out on his travels. It is said that 

 he met Milton in Home, and that 'they publicly 

 argued against the sii|^rxtitions of the Knmisli 

 Chnicii. even within the verge of the Vatican;' 

 but unfortunately for the legend Milton came 

 home neatly three years lieforu Marvell set out. 

 He was four years" abroad, in Holland, France, 

 Italy, and Spain, but there is no si^ti of his return 

 i' mil 1649, when his name ap|>ears to one of the 

 ' KlogicM on the Jleath of Lord Hastings,' and in 

 the Lni-iixlii of ' his noble friend Hiehard Lovelace.' 

 the roxalist. Hix sympathies were still more clearly 

 shown next year in his tierce lines on May, the 

 historian of the Long Parliament. In the summer 

 of Hi.'*) I,ord Fairfax engaged Marvell, whose father 

 he no doubt knew, as tutor to his young daughter 

 Mary Fairfax, afterwards Duchess ,,f llnr-kingham. 

 Hy him, apparently, Marvell was introduced to 

 Milton, who in February 1633 recommended him 

 to P.radshaw as a good'scbolar and linguist, and 

 well i|ualilied to act as assistant Latin secretary. 

 Though unsuccessful, the recommendation, itseems, 

 brought him under Cromwell's notice, for ill July 

 lie was appointed by him tutor to a Mr Dutton, 

 called, unaccountably, Cromwell's nephew. In 

 HV>7 lie was appointed Milton's assistant, and in 

 January 16."i took his seat in Iti-hard Cromwell's 

 parliament as member for Hull, for which he was 

 returned again in KHiO. ami again in 1661. In 

 H6J-tt5 he accompanied Lord Carlisle as secretary 

 to tlieemls B y to Sluscovy, Sweden, and Denmark, 

 bill I he rest ,,f his life was devoted to watching 

 "vri the intcn-stsof his constituents in parliament, 

 p-.iwtjng the misapplication of the money voted for 

 the defence of the nation, and doing battle, in the 

 tUMM tad out of it, with the partisans of intoler- 

 and arbitrary government. He died some- 

 what uddenly, August 18, 1678. The Popish 



