MAKX 



MAKY 



may aim be nafely i*id that hi* view* can have anv 

 hope of realisation only iiiu-r very extensive imxlili- 

 cation. In man)- respects lib aimhsi.. of the 

 eooamic development 01 modem tooMgr ISM Ix-en 

 :i.-<l liv iili|ueiit rvenu. lint in many also il 

 ba I----M UsiM : and il roiil.l In- -h..wn that lu- 

 lu- left nut ni iicc.iiint some. nl tliu Jecnive factors 

 I.! -ml develo) ...... lit. 



A- l<. :i tlie preface to the K<i/>ilal, the 



final aim of his great work i-i to reveal tin- economic 

 law that IOOM-. modern nx-iety. The social 

 i niixlcin time* dc|M.nds on capital ; 

 Uie ranlinal f.u-l in in<xh-in history is tin- n-.-. 

 culmination. .iii.l tinal calantiicdi" 'if capitalism. 

 liui l In- full development of .-.ipital ami of the clan* 

 p prenentin;: it involves tin- lisc ui -> i.ii:-m and of 

 the piiili-l.ii i it I'lii' eriMl work <if Maix, iheic 

 f.>r>'. t-iMi- ii- mi historical analysis of capital ami 

 by implication a foieejist of MOMlbM. 



The development of capitalism dcjienils on the 

 appropriation ami accumulation of surplus value ; 

 .inii.it iindcr-tJind tin- nature of capitalism 

 without MM. l.-i-t. Hiding -in pin- value, \\itli the 

 aiml\-i- of v.ilm-, then-hue. the great work of 

 wealth of modern society, in 

 which the capitalistic method of production 

 prevails, appear* an an enormous collection of com- 

 inoditift, wliich an- exchange! one against another 

 in th! utmiMt vaiicly of \\a\s. Kilt they have 

 one common characteristic : they are products of 

 human laliour. The value of all the eiiiiiiinlities 

 that eiiciil.it" in the world-market is MMtltatsd 

 liv human laliour, ainl measured in hiiinan laliour- 

 tiiue : not thin or th.it individual labour, hut the 

 lalxmr of the roiiiniiinity, under the normal 



MM-a oinlitinii- of p. ..In. -tinn, with the average 

 degree of skill and int<-n-iiy of lahour. 



laliour cannot Is- .-.uiii-.l on without the 

 mean* of lalmnr, whirh an- lain! and capital. 

 Taking Knxhunl UK the clu ic <'\:iin|>le of the fully- 

 ii.-M-i.ijM-, I . .i|,itali-in, Marx xhuwx that sim-e 



lieval tiiueH the counie of hi-torir cvoluiinii 

 h.i- ten.h-il to remler the intn:incnti> of lalxiur the 

 nnMio|Mily of a pecial claw. It U clear that the 

 ri*e of uch a clam has hail iu> t-unipli ..... -nt the 

 nf another rln who are ile-liiule of the means 

 ot ppxlurtinri, hut who lieiii!. 1 free mav sell their 

 laUnir at the a^-e it ran nCt.iin in the market. 

 Tliry roonliiiKly "x-ll their lalxiur for a v 

 which tvprrMMiu the average Milwintencc nece- 

 ary for tliriiiwlve anil the children nH|iiinil to 



nine thn mipply of lalxmr. Their lalxnir, 

 h.iurvir, when uuli-.-.l liv the capitalist pnxlueiM 

 a value grratrr than tlieir wap-. This i- ii,.. 

 n-ii/Jiit nUuf of Karl The ^lowth of 



mpitJUm depenil* on the appropriation and 



iinulatioo ot tliis Mir). lu value ; and the lii-tm v 



iindern Mdety i a hb-tory of the antauonisni of 

 UK two rli*B concerned of the rapituli-t clam, 

 who ahuorb narplun vnlue, and of the proletariat, 

 who produce it. 



The pragma of the conflict ImuU to many 

 rrmarkahle rwulu. On the one hand the rn.,i 

 capital Ut m>e on Hontrnyinx the nialler, until (he 

 wealth of the orl I .ii-,| in the hand- of 



few colonial rapiUlUU. Hn tin- other hand the 

 l.ipm-nt of the r.ij.it ilixtic cyotera cnusex 

 degnMlation, ilrtnnrali*ation, mteerjr, and ]ian|-i 

 ITU unions the Ulxiurin claiweH. ' hut it at the 

 une time ornnbe* them in induotrial armi : 



< all it rat<e* them to a claar rnnnniniiMMi of 

 thrir claim noaltion. In I hi. way the proceM ^.i- 

 on in obedknce to iU own inhen-nt lawn, wealth 

 arrnmnlating at one |M.|e of Miriety and wrelcheil 

 MI at the other, ('npilali.iii is' nt lant rnin.-.l 



an exeM of I he Natenann- on which it 



. 



\\hen tiling have I" 

 iiiuilerable, iheorganbal proletariat Uke the ii.it ia 



uid sei/ing possession of the means of pro- 

 duction cany on the economic process for the 

 gixnl of all. (Mivernment which has nlv 

 hitherto IM-CII nn ariangcment for keeping tiie 

 piislucing clause* in subjection will simply be- 

 come a control of productive processes. 



As uiiderstixxl by Mnx, sociali-m does not 

 propound Utopian schemes, nor even does it seek 

 particularly to oiler programmes | .social reform. 

 The great "aim of his teaching is to understand 

 a process of historical transformation which pro- 

 ceeds Ix-loie our eves ; scientific socialism is simply 

 a conscious participation in this process. Agitation 

 and revolutionary action can !M. ellcctive only in 

 *o far as they comprehend and co-operate with 

 the inevitable tendencies of social evolution. The 

 change contemplated hy socialism is an economic 

 leioliiiion brought about in uccoidance with the 

 natural laws of historic evolution. \Ve must also 

 rememlier that Marx regards the economic factor as 

 cardinal and decisive in history. I.aw and |iolitics, 

 religion and philosophy, are all moulded and con- 

 tiolled by tiie jirevailing economic conditions. 

 With this view of Marx is naturally assix-iated his 

 materialistic conception of history. ' According to 

 Hegi-l, the thought-process, which he transforms 

 into an independent subject under the name idea', 

 is the creator of the real, which forms only iU 

 external manifestation. With me, on the con- 

 tiaiy. the ideal is nothing else than the material 

 transformed and translated in the human 

 brain.' In short, the system of Mai x is an evolu- 

 tionary and revolutionary socialism, based on a 

 materialistic conception of the world nnd of human 

 history. He seeks to change the economic liasis of 

 society, and thereby to change the whole structure, 

 hut only by aconsclous paiticipation in, nnd willing 

 co ojiciation with, historic tendencies, which in 

 themselves are inevitable. 



Ill his later and mature productions so far as 

 published Marx has not given any definite forecast 

 of the form likely to be assumed by the new society, 

 and indeed has expressly disavowed any wish to 

 provide a recipe for social betterment. The resjion- 

 sibility for a development in detail like that mode 

 by Schallle in his O//,/, ,v. ;,; </<, Soitaltsmttt rests 

 entirely with the author of that work. As already 

 indicated. Marx's great aim is to elucidate an 

 historical process which is inevitable, to 'make it 

 clear to the consciousness of the class must pro- 

 foundly interested the proletariat, and as far as 

 |KM>sihle to shorten and alleviate the pang- of 

 travail of the new era, which in any case will 

 come to the birth when its time is fullilled. 

 Thus regarded, the life and work of Marx have 

 a notable unitv and reach and fixity of puipose. 

 All that he did and wrote a- scientific economist 

 on the one hand and as agitator on the other, 

 though at lirst sight inconsistent, is really formed 

 and animated by the one idea. 



'I he leading works of Marx have boon mention'.! in 

 the foregoing article ; a 3d edition nf his h'.tj.iitil, vol. i., 

 uppvared in 18K< ; vol. ii. wan published under the editor- 

 ship i.f Fr. Kiip N in 1K83. Monti." nt in.n.'inic works 

 have wiiiethiiiK to nay about Marx; nut also studies hy 

 (JroM ( U'iii. ISMTil mid Adler (Tubingen, 1S87), and The 

 K>u,l,nf, .l/.irr hy Dr Avcling (" 



(Heb. Miriam. (Jr. Miirin or Miriuni}, 

 'tin- mother of .le-us ' (Matt. ii. 1 1 ; Acts, i. 14), 

 culled the lilessed Virgin, i the mother of our 

 Ixird according to the Mesh, held in hijfh honour by 

 all Christian* l nnd her intercession is invoked 

 with a higher religions worship and a (inner con- 

 fidence than that of all the other saints, not only 

 in the liomaii Church, but in all the Christian 

 chinches of the Kn-t. (If her personal history but 

 few particulars ore recorded in Scripture. Some 

 details are tilled up from the works of the early 



