MARYBOROUGH 



MARYLAND 



77 



lie delivered in the hall of the Louvre, in presence 

 of the French court. 



To enumerate all that has been written on Mary would 

 fill a volume. Among the chief works are Jehb's De 

 Vita el Rebus Oestis Mafite Scotorun Regime (1725) ; J. 

 Anderson's Collections Relating to the History of Mary, 

 Queen of Scotland ( 1727-2S) ; Bishop Keith's History of 

 the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland (11M; new ed. 

 1844-50); W. Goodall's Examination of the Letter* said 

 to be written by Mnru, Queen of Scots, to James, Earl of 

 Itntltwctl (1754); 1'rmcipal Robertson's History of Scut- 

 l'i it'l ; W. Tytler's In'tuiry into tlie Evidence attaiitst 

 Atari,, Queen of He. As ( i759, 1790) ; M. Laing'.s Sutor/i of 

 Scotland ; G. Chalmers's Life of Mary, Queen of Scots 

 ( 1818, 1822) ; P. F. Tytler's History of Scutlanl ; Prince 

 LabanofTs Kecueil dts Lettres de Marie Stuart (1844); 

 David Laing's edition of John Kitox'n History of the 

 Reformation (18W5-64); the Life hy Miss Strickland in 

 her Lives of the Queens / Scotland ( 1850-59 ; new ed. 

 1*73); A,de Montaiglon's 'Latin Theme* of Mary Stuart 

 (1855); Prince Lnban .Ifs Notice tar la Collet-lion del 

 Portraits de Marie Stuart ( 1858 I ; Miguel's Histoire de 

 Marie Stuart (1852); Teulet's Letlret de Marie Stuart 

 (is.')!)); Cheruel's Marie Stuart et Catherine de Medicit 

 (1858); Joseph Robertson's Catalogues of the Jemels, 

 J tresses. Furniture, Banks, and Paintings nf Mary, Queen 

 of Scuti ( 1863 ) ; Hosack's Mary, Queen of Scots, and her 

 A'-:-n*n-* I 1*70 74; a popular ed. 1888); histories by 

 Pett and De Flandre (1874), Chantelauze (1876), and 

 the interesting document hy Claude Nau, her secretary 

 (ed. hy Father Stevenson, 18&i); Leader, Mary Stuart 

 in Captivity (1881); Baron Alphonse de Ruble, La 

 Premiere Jeunesse de Marie Stuart ( 1891 ) ; Baron 

 Kervyn de Lettenhove, Marie Stunrt (2 vols. 1889), 

 dealing with only the last two years of her life ; Hender- 

 son's CasM Letters (Edin. 1890), giving for the first 

 time Morton's Declaration regarding the manner in 

 which the Casket is said to have fallen into his hands ; 

 Philippson's Histoire <lu Regne de Marie Stuart (3 

 vols. 1891-92 ) ; Skelton's .uraptuous Mary Stwi rt ( 1893 ), 

 and D. Hay Fleming's Mary Queen of Scots (1897 ). 



The heat representations of M*ry sre the contemporary 

 portraits by the Freiicu paint r. Francis Clouet, more 

 commonly called Jehannet or Janet, and the statue, hy 

 an unknown sculptor, on her tomb at \Ws minster. All 

 portraits which iaunt be reconciled with these types 

 may safely be rejected as spurious. 



Maryborough' a l' ol ~t of Queensland, on the 

 Mary Kiver (here spanned by a wooden bridge), 

 25 miles from its mouth and 180 N. of Brisbane, 

 with which there is communication by steamer and 

 couch. The wharves a<lmit vessels drawing 17J feet. 

 (iiihl from (r.vrnpie (61 miles hy rail) and copper 

 from Mount Parry and other mines, with sugar and 

 timber, form the chief exports. There are two 

 do/en sugar-mills at work in the neighlxMirhood, 

 ami three iron -foundries, and brewing, tanning, and 

 shipbuilding are carried on. Pop. (181*1)9700. 



Maryland, a state <.f the American Union, 

 lying Iwtween 37 53' and 39 44' N. lat., and 7.1 4' 



c. lt . vr 



t 1WM. 1897, and 



1900 tn the U.S. br J. K. 

 Mppiucoll Com 



and 711 :' \V. lung. It contains 

 12,210 so,, in. very nearly the 

 size of Holland of which alxiiit 

 one lifth is water. The length from east to west 

 h 188 miles, and the breadth 128 miles. On the 

 north and east it is separated from Pennsylvania 

 and Delaware hy ' Mason and Dixon's Line ' (q.v. ) ; 

 tin- Miuth-western border follows the course of the 

 I'ntomac Kiver, the whole of wliich, with the excep- 

 tion of about 12 miles in the District of Columbia 

 (q.v.), is under the jurisdiction of Maryland, down 

 to the low-water mark on the Virginia side. 



The surface elevation varies greatly, from sea- 

 level to an altitude of 3.100 feet. In the west it is 

 mountainous (see l.i.t K KiiniK); in the middle 

 hilly and rolling ; in the east and south-east low 

 ami undulating. A line drawn from the mouth of 

 the Susqnehanna to the city of Washington will 

 cut the state into two nearly equal parts, and 

 divide the mountain and hill country from the low 

 lands on both sides of the Chesapeake Bay. The 



productions and occupations are largely determined 

 by the physical features in the west coal and 

 lumber ; in the middle corn and wheat ; in the 

 east fish, fruit, and vegetables. The climate is 

 generally regarded as unusually healthful. The 

 mean summer temperature is 75", the mean winter 

 temperature 34. The annual rainfall varies from 

 38 inches in the mountains to 46 inches near the 

 Atlantic coast. The mountain air is regarded as a 

 specific for hay-fever. The prevalent diseases on 

 the shores of the Atlantic and the Chesapeake Bay 

 were formerly bilious and intermittent fevers of a 

 mild form, and they still exist to some extent in 

 these districts. 



The geological formations vary with the surface 

 elevations. The southern section of both the 

 eastern and western shores is alluvial ; north of 

 the alluvial deposit is a tertiary formation; north- 

 west of this come metamorphic rocks ; west 

 of them a wide belt of Silurian and Devonian 

 formation ; and still farther west Carboniferous 

 strata beginning at Cumberland. In the Tertiary 

 we find marl in abundance ; in the metamorphic 

 rocks gneiss, granite, limestone, and iron ; in 

 the Carboniferous extensive veins of bituminous 

 coal of the best quality. One remarkable vein in 

 the George's Creek district is 14 feet thick. Over 

 200 kinds of marble have been found in the state, 

 some of them equal to the Italian marbles. Copper- 

 mines are extensively worked in the middle dis- 

 trict ; and almost all the chrome used in the United 

 States comes from the same location. Near 

 Baltimore are large beds of clay, from which 

 bricks of peculiar excellence and beauty are manu- 

 factured ; and in an adjoining county valuable 

 quarries of soapstone are worked with profit. 



The soil is well adapted to cultivation, with the 

 exception of the mountain tops in the west, and a 

 small proportion of marsh land in the east, which 

 might, however, be easily ami profitably reclaimed. 

 The forest-trees are principally pine, chestnut, and 

 oak ; hickory and walnut are becoming scarce. 

 The staple fruit-tree is the peach, which covers 

 many thousands of acres : Maryland peaches, pre- 

 served in air-tight cans, are exported to all quarters 

 of the world. Tobacco is the principal crop in the 

 peninsula between the Chesapeake and the Poto- 

 mac, as it was the main reliance of the early 

 settlers, constituting even their ordinary medium 

 of exchange. Tomatoes, melons, small fruits, and 

 all kinds of vegetables are cultivated on the 

 eastern shore and sent to the markets of Baltimore 

 and Philadelphia. The mountains still contain 

 many deer ; and wild geese, swans, and turkeys are 

 found in considerable numbers at the proper season, 

 as 'veil as woodcock, grouse, and quail (locally 

 called partridge). Immense Hocks of wild ducks 

 of various species throng the estuaries of the 

 Chesapeake on the approach of cold weather : the 

 'canvas-back' is found nowhere else in perfection. 



The Chesapeake Bay (q.v.) divides Maryland into 

 two unequal portions, the Eastern and the Western 

 Shore. With its estuaries it gives the state a coast- 

 line of more than 500 miles, and almost that number 

 of steaml)oat landings : on the Eastern Shore there 

 is scarcely a farm more than 5 miles distant from a 

 navigable river, accessible to steamboats of light 

 draught. Shad and herring are caught in large 

 numbers, and the average annual supply of oysters 

 reaches 20 millions of bushels, giving employment 

 to more than 30.000 persons. For the leading manu- 

 factures, see BALTIMORE, where most are located. 

 Baltimore is also the principal port and great com- 

 mercial centre of the state. Maryland has about 

 1300 miles of railway, and two canals (from Cum- 

 berland, in the west, to Washington, 184J miles, 

 and between the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. 

 12 J miles). 



