MASS ATI It "SETTS 



approached. This mountainous portion is com- 

 1 of two distinct ranges, being |trt .f the 



11 Mountains, which hen- extend 

 from the adjacent state <if Vermont. Tin- highest 

 <if t ho ] -oaks is (Jreylock (X*K> feel I, but most "1 

 thi'iii nrc wooded ID tin- summit, anil the scenery, 

 wliil.- n.it grand, is of great beauty. The noil is 

 in many portions, particularly in the east, rooky 

 anil sterile, and the slate contain* M-VI- al <-uarrios 

 of importance yielding granite n " 1 ' syenite, roil 

 aandstonc, ami valuahle marhle. Along the river- 

 vallevs, however, and in certain otlior sections the 

 oil is fertile. In 1890 there w.-ie (i.i.iL'iS horses, 

 256,128 cattle, 51,438 sheep, and 91,483 swine. 

 There were 34,374 farms. The li-heiios are the 

 most ini|Kirtant in the 1'nioii. The priMluce from 

 cud, ma.-koiol. ..Ve., in 1800 was $.V_'4-J,U54, that 

 from oysters 9257,689. 



The "rivers, while not Important for navigation, 

 are the source of valuable water-power which has 

 Ix'i-ii utilised in manufacturing, in the annual out- 

 init of which the state leads all others, except New 

 York and Pennsylvania, The total nuiiiher of 

 establishments engaged in manufacturing and allied 

 industries in 1890 was 26, 923; the capital invented 

 lK-ing over $500,000,000 ; value of goods made and 

 work done, $888,160,403; number of persons em- 

 ployed, 485,182; total wages paid during the year, 

 ulxiut $170,000,000. The chief manufactures are 

 textiles, boots and shoes, food preparations, build- 

 ing materials, clothing, iron and other metallic 



s. leather, wooden wares, &c. The loading 



textile industries are cotton (!(>."> establishments, 



J4,518 spindles), woollen and worsted giH M ls 



(336 establishments, 7so,774 spindles). In 1897 



tin-re wen- ~2\ lit miles of railway in the state. 



Massachusetts contains fourteen counties and 

 returns 12 meml>er< to congress. The state senate 

 consists of 40, tin- House of Uopiespntatives of 240 

 inomliers. The executive branch of the government 

 i- vested in the governor, who is ollicially styled 

 rnor of the commonwealth of Ma-sa- 

 chiiettn, and whose title is His Excellency; lieu- 

 tenant governor, whose title is His Honour; and 

 an advisory council consisting of eight memlicrs 

 chosen by districts. The governor, lieutenant- 

 governor,' and heads of the executive department* 

 are elected annually. The cities of the common- 

 wealth must have a population of at least 12,000. 

 The towns (corjiorate DOOiei having less than 1*2,000 

 iHip. i are governed by a lioard of selectmen elected 

 liv popular suH'iage in an annual town meeting of 

 all the voters in the town, which mooting also 

 inakos appropriations for the maintenance of the 

 ilitlerent departments of the town govpriniieni. 

 AH judge* in th ...... mmnnwealth an- tppointed by 



tin* go\oinor with iho advice and consent of the 

 council, and hold tfletroffleedtl ring good liehaviour. 

 The active Htatoinilitia in 1897 numbered 339 officers 

 and 4HI."i i-nli-ti'd men, a total of .M.'.l. Itosidcs this 

 ootivo militia all able -ItodioM male citizens | H -twoen 

 tin- ngoM of eighteen and forty-live, oxoopt exempt 

 o-, an- i-nmlled, and are subject to military 

 duty in time of oxigoney. The number so enrolled 



s'.C was ollicially sUited at 4:13,117.'). 

 Popular cdiic -aiinn in Massachusetts. through the 

 ii*. -tern of flee piililic schools, is carried to a voi \ 

 high (Kiint. In |NU.~- 1H1 then- wen- in the state 



. public piiniaiv and grammar schools and 



'..'.- 7 high seliiHiln. These are suiipoii..! at public 



rxpptiM* by taxation tuition iiml text hooks I icing 



iliesi- there were 411 noadomicH and 



private schools. The amount laised hy taxation 

 and paid for nil school pur*>oi>* was $7,360,413, 

 of pupils being .'Jl.Osfl. 



MatMachusettH maintains ten normal wliisils, an. I 

 tli'-n- are in tin- stale two technical institutes 

 and twelve colleges and uiii\cisilics, the latter 



including Harvard, Williams t'ollogo. Amhorst 

 College, and Itoston l'nivoi>ity and College. The 

 Ni\ings-bank sxstem is under s- : ne Mi |,ei \ision. 

 In 1889 there were 177 such lianks in o|>eration, 

 having deposits amounting to $.'i.'tJ.7-3.(;ss : be : 

 93 co -ojicrative banks or building loan aswK-ia lions. 

 with asseU* of U.W1.030. 



The leading cities of Massachusetts, with pop. in 

 190(1, are I'.o-ton, the capital and chief sea|K>rt 

 (560,89-2); Worcester ( 118,4*21), with manufactures 

 in metals and machinery; Springfield ((!-2,n.">!) and 

 Holyoko (4."i.71-), on the Connocticiit Kiver, the 

 ceiit'n- of the paper manufacture; Fall l!i*er 

 (HM.S63), Lowell (94,969), and Lawrence (I ;_'.. Vi'.n, 

 devoted to cotton manufacturing; I.ynn (OX.513), 

 Haverhill (:>7,l7. r .), and UriK-kton (40,063), U*ot 

 ami shoe centres; Salem (:{.">.<l.")(;) and New Iteilforil 

 (IL'.ll'J), iNith noted seaports 01 former days and 

 now |>osessiiig ext<*nsi\o cotton-mills; Taiii.tou 

 (3l,0:ili), with varied manufactures; Clmiei-ster 

 (26,121), noted for its fisheries; and Cambridge 

 (91,886), near Itoston, lliosoatof Harvard I'n: 

 sily. The state debt at the clos,- ,,f I'.KNI was 

 $2(i,9!)6,4-J3, iirotectod by a sinking fund .f )?I.V2!*2.- 

 -T.7; an additional debt of .SHL1 t:t.41-J. for which 

 certain cities and towns are liable, is protected by 

 a sinking fund of Sa.'.tSl, 147. 1'op. (ls"l 4-J-2,si.-, ; 

 (ls.-,n) V'.il.:,ll: ( lv.'i-J.-':!S,!H:i; (liHuii -j.sn.-, :-46. 



History. The const is supposed to have been 

 visited by Northmen about the \ ear IdllO, but the 

 lirst perniunent settlement was made at Plymouth, 

 near Cape Cod. I lecember 22, IC'JII. by the company 

 of the I'ilgrim l-'alhors (i|.v.). who were sepaialisis 

 from the English Church, and who sailed from Ply- 

 mouth, England, in the ship M<i>i/l<ni-ri: This 

 settlement iM-came the nucleus of the Plymouth 

 polony. In l(i'28 a company of Puritans under 

 Kndicott settled at Salem upon the coast farther 

 north, and, together with settlements at Itoston, 

 l.\nn. and elsewhere, became the Massachu- 

 I'.ay ( 'olony. The union of tin se t\\o colonies xvas 

 accomplished under a new charter giaiiled in li. !_'. 

 I'mler this last charter the govcinor, lieutenant- 

 governor, and secretary "ere appointed by the 

 King. Prior to this none but the Puritan forms of 

 religion had been permitted in the colony of M 

 chnsetU, and its history bad been marked by bitter 

 intolerance and ciuel persecutions. Now a s\Mein 

 was adopteil under which the majority of each town 

 or parish chose the minister, who was maintained 

 by iho taxes paid by all alike. No consideration 

 was shown to the minorities, and the old Puritan 

 establishment was virtually continued nearly CM i\ 

 where. The last vestiges of this union hcivm-n 

 church and state \\eie not swept away until iN.'i.'t. 



1 Miring the early \eais the ci.lonists sn Herod great 

 pihatiolis from the rigours of the climate, and they 

 wore also subjected to troubles with the Indians. 

 They wore, however, a hardy and industrious race, 

 and gradually grew in immln.-rs and prosperity. 

 They were involved in the difficulties between i 

 lamf and France in the New World, and in tin- 

 expeditions against the French in Canada, i 'speci- 

 ally at the Mist sieve of I.onisbuig ( i|. v. ), the citi- 

 /en soldiers of Massachusetts peilormed olloctive 

 sor*. ice. After the war of the revolution, begun 

 in Massachusetts in 177(1 with the battles at Lex- 

 ington and Hunker Hill, the colony became one of 

 the original thirteen states of the t'nion, under the 

 name of the commonwealth of Massachusetts. 

 The second half of the Hllli century hits witnessed 

 the gradual change of Mas>achiisetts from a purely 

 agricultural to a manufacturing state, until now a 

 majority of the whole population is urban : not, 

 however, because loss land is cultivated, but simply 

 Ix-cause manufactures have increased much faster 

 than agriculture. See J. S. Barry, History qf 

 /tnsctta(3 vols. IS.M 57). 



