86 



MA SS< I \VA1I 



MASTER AND SERVANT 



'(Ireat Massorah' (al>"in 'I' 1 ' 1 1th century ), whence 

 an extract wan made known under tin- name of the 

 Small Maworah. ' The final arrangement of the 

 MaMMirali, which wan first prints! in ltomi> 

 Kabhinical Itilile (Venice, 1525). i due to Jacob- 

 lien CliRvini of Tunis, and to Felix I'ratensis. The 

 language of the Maworetic writers in < 'lialdee, and 

 the obscure abbreviations, contractions, .-u nilxilical 

 signs, &c., with which the work alioiimfs, render 

 it* ttmly exceedingly hard. Nor arc all its dicta of 

 the name sterling value ; they are not only some- 

 times utterly Mi|H i rllin>ii-, lint downright erroneous. 

 See I>r GilMlMnft great work on the Massorah 

 (4 vols. folio, 1880-86). 



Massownh. r M\^\i \. :i town l.nilt on a 

 coral island oil the west coast of the Red Sea, in 

 15 36' N. lat., 39* *2s K. long. It wan seized by 

 Turkey in i.v.7. Imt in 1SC6 given by her to Egypt) 

 and in 1885 it was occupied l>y Italy. The island i> 

 only alMiut 1$ mile in cirrumferenre, and is con- 

 nected with the mainland by a causeway. Kill) 

 vards in length, renting on an intervening island. 

 the pop. numlH-r lii.:0, of whom 15,000 are 

 natives, 500 Italians, 700 Greek*, and 100 Ban- 

 yans. Fishing for pearls and mother-of-pearl is 

 the principal industry, but there is also a little 

 fishing and weaving of palm-tibres. Next after 

 Sirikin. Masaowah u the most important harbour 

 and trading |Mirt on the Afriean coast of the I led 

 Sea, Its imports (cottons, chemical products, 

 animals, grain and flour, groceries, spirits, hi' I'--, 

 and timber) are valued at 412,001) annually, and 

 iu export* ( pearls and mot lier-of- pearl ) at 32,000. 

 Skins, gums, ivory, wax, and gold are also export"!, 

 but their annual value cannot be stated. Ma-s.m ah 

 is very hot (mean of the year, 85 '8 F. ) and very 

 unhealthy: ne\ertheleiw the advantages of its site 

 have led the Italians to make it their headquarters 

 in this p.-in of Africa. Fop. of the district of Mas- 

 sowah, 65,500. 



Master, in the royal navy, was an officer 

 ranking with, but junior to, lieutenants, and 

 charged with the details of sailing the vessel, 

 under the gi-neral orders of the caj>tain. In rec-.-nt 

 years the title has been changen to 'navigating 

 lieutenant.' In the merchant navy the master of 

 a vessel, usually, by courtesy, denominated the 

 captain, is the officer commanding her. 



Master and Servant. The relation of 

 master and servant is constituted in Creat Kiitain 

 entirely by contract ; for, tin-re In-ing no status of 

 slavery recognised in law, one person can only 

 nerve another with his or her own free ...U-.-MI. 

 ll-iiig a i: .-t, it may, like other contracts, 



be broken at will, subject only to the usual conse- 

 quence, that tin 

 damagm for I ' 



of a sen-air . 



but if the engagement i- f.ir more than one year it 

 miiHt be in writing. A servant undertakes to have 

 competent skill for tin- duties of the -.en-ice, and is 



hound tx> use due diligence, anil t ndiiet hiin-elf 



respectfully. He i U.und to obey all lawful n 



of hi inkier during the engage ut. if the- 



within the seii|M> of the particular service for which 

 he U engaged. Thus, a coachman >- not l>ouud 

 In fin the duties of a cook, and rirt vertA. K\e,\ 

 servant is bound to take due can- of his masters 

 proifrty, ami i liable to an action at the suit 

 of hi* master for grow negligi-nce. and also for 

 fraud and misfeasance. A m. ,-.: i. not entitled 

 to chastise a sen-ant, whaten-r (lie age of th>- 

 servant may |H>, though, in the case of an nppien- 

 'indi-r ag, a modi-Kite rhalicinent is justili. 

 able. The grounds on which n servant may l>c 

 lawfully discharged are wilful disobedience, gross 

 immorality, kihittial negligence, and incompetence. 



ai Will, sunjeci only to the usual conse- 



at the party in the wrong is liable to pay 



for the breach. The engagement or hiring 



ant may be either vi-ibal or in writing; 



If any person entice away a servant, and thereby 

 came IOSH to the master, tin- latter may sue such 

 person for the injury. If the servant is a female, 

 and is MM! need, and thereby is unable to continue 

 her service, the master may also bring an action 

 against the seducer for any lo-s of service caused 

 thereby ; and on the same principle a master may 

 hi ing an action against a third party who causes 

 personal injury to the servant. In the case of the 

 bankruptcy of the master a preference is given to 

 the servant's wages if due ami unpaid : but this 

 extends only to two months' wages, and the servant 

 is an ordinary creditor for the balance !>% ond that 

 sum. The death of the master is a discharge of the 

 contract. When a servant falls sick the master is 

 not hound to provide medical attendance whether 

 the sen-ant lives under his roof or not ; but, as in 

 such coses a doctor is often sent for by the master 

 without any understanding between the parties, 

 the master is frequently made liable on the ground 

 that the doctor was sent for by and gave credit to 

 the master. As a general rufe, the servant takes 

 the risk of all the ordinary accidents attending 

 the particular service ; but under the Employers 

 Liability Act of 1880 a workman, or, if the injury 

 results in death, his legal personal representatives, 

 shall have the same right of compensation and 

 remedies against the employer as if he had not 

 been in the employer's service, in the following 

 cases : If the workman suffer injury by reason or 

 defect in the employer's works or machinery or 

 plant ; by the negligence of any other superior 

 workman; by the negligence of any other senant 

 in charge of locomotives or signal-points 

 LIABILITY OF EMPLOYERS). \Vhere a servant 

 injures a third party the rule remains that the 

 master is liable, if the servant at the time was 

 acting within the scope of tlx> master's orders, 

 expressed or implied. Hence, if a coachman 

 Ics-ly run down a person on the highway, or do 

 injury to another, the master is liable -. but if the 

 coachman is driving the master's carnage with- 

 out or contrary to the order- of the master, the 

 servant alone is liable. So the master is not in 

 any way res]>onsible for the crimes or criminal 

 oHences committed by his servant; yet sometimes 

 be is involved in lines. The above an- the general 

 rules a- regards servants generally; but in Kngland 

 there U a distinction in many instances observed 

 lietween domestic servants and other servants. The 

 leading distinction is thai, if nothing is said as to 

 the length of service, it is presumed that the 

 service can l>e. terminated at any time, on giving a 

 month's notice <i either side, or in case of the dis- 

 charge of a domestic servant without notice, then 

 on payment of a month's wages. It is often popu- 

 larly thought that a domestic servant cannot be 

 turned out of the master's bouse at a moment's 

 notice, even on paying a month's wages, but this 

 can always IHS done, with or without cause. If a 

 yearly servant wrongfully c|iiit bis master's service 

 lie forfeits all claim towages for the part of the 

 year during which he has served. In case of dis- 

 charge without cause the servant i- entitled to a 

 month's wages, but not Ixiard-wages. The master's 

 ie-poiisiliility as to giving a ('Inn. -icier to a Servant 

 i- tin- subji-ct. of an article ; see also K \I:M - 1 . 



In general, a servant, if he refii-e to enter the 

 service, or leave it without cause, is merely liable 

 to an action of damages for breach of contract, 

 which is no remedy nt all, as few servants could 

 pay tin- costs of a suit. As this conduct, how- 

 ever, might often cause great hardship to masters, 

 i-s|H-cially where they ate employed in I lade or 

 manufactures, statutes have l.een passed which 

 ghc a JHtwer to justices of the peace to compel the 



servant to remain in the service until he give the 

 legal notice to leave. This was formerly done by 



