MATTERHORX 



MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER 



oom the propertied in virtue of \vliic-li any s\ stem 

 of two hodim, even if thev In- HICK- particles. 

 pOMWM* energy de|x-nding din-ctlx. on tin- mans of 



each, anil also :i|.n lln-ir distance In me another. 



ThU part uf tin- i a -\M-iii gixi- ''-' '" 



the phenomena uf tlrax itation (<|.v. ), Molecular 

 Aclinn. ami Chemical Atliniiy. It haw In-en shown 

 by Sir \V. Thorn-Miii thai thi- first of tln-se might 

 BUlfice to nccoiint fur tin' -r-.unl if nut the thinl 

 (at all events in aagngMMaf particle*), iiroxided 

 uctiire of tin- aggregate xveic sufficiently 

 heterogeneous, lie this as it may, we know much 

 more almul grax itanon tliiui alKiut the oilier 

 phenomena referred to, anil xx ill therefore confine 

 our further remarks to it. Ami ><! all that we 

 knoxv alMiut gravitation can lie summed up in the 

 follnxviiig statement : Tin 1 potential I'ln-i^v of a 

 i-xsteni of Ixxo particles of matter is less wln-n they 

 are at a finite distance apart than when they are 

 infinitely ili-t.mt from one another, hy an amount 

 which i- directly as the product uf their masses and 

 inversely an their distance a|ut. This statement, 

 it in to be particularly oliM-rved, contains no 

 allusion to attraction or (so-called) force of any 

 kiml : yet it Milling fi>r the rouiplete formation of 

 tin- equations of inoiinii of any system of gravitating 

 manes, be it a* conii>le\ :i- i he solar system itself. 

 The rest of the calculation is a matter of mathe- 

 - and of numerical data alone, Manx 

 attempt.-!, often extremely ingenious, but all alike 

 fruitless. Inive IM-CII maile to < xphlin gravitation. 

 S-ieh failure, hoxvever, in the eyes of a genuine 

 Mientilic man U only nn encouragement to per 

 scxcr.iiice; ami tin- xery lemarkahle success xvliich 

 has attended Clerk Ma \xx ell's attempt to explain 

 electric ami magnet if plieiiomena hy means of the 

 luiiiiuifi-ioiis m>,li.iin lenders it at least proliahle 

 tl at the pro|H-ities of the ether will. Mime day. ex- 

 plnin nrltAtion pcoaibly inertia alxo. .Mere 

 hpPCnl.iti.Mi. nf enui-e, i~ of use in srienee only in wi 

 far'im it oii^inaten or direct* inquiry, so tliat vte 



mut In- teli! simply to express the idea that the 



other may lw the one m.iterUl Hiihstanre in the 

 nnixerMe (untiif), (iro^" matter hein^' simply differ- 

 entiated portions of it ilenvr or less ilen.se than 

 there*!. ]M-rliaps mere eaxities or hiihhles. If HO, 

 the words of Fresnel may in time be verified : ' La 

 Nature ne I'est pan emharraiwee de ilillieultes 

 d'onalync ; elle n'a exile que la complication des 

 movena.' 



The varioim profKiiit* of matter, dUcussed for 

 the most part nn. lei their sen-nil li.-.i.l-, mav 

 tie roughly dixide.1 into two chuuteg thotte xxhii-ii 

 belong more particularly to matter in itself, and 

 thaw which are*n|xx-ially related to various foiins 

 of ener^x. Aniony the former ehiss ma\ lie men. 

 turned. I nit imly an i-\itmjiles, Capillaii'lx , Cohe- 

 ..mpri-sil,i|ity, Deiisily. Khu-tieily, Vrie I ion, 



(jravii. 'dness, Ineiiiii, [mpeoetrabiJity, 



Mallrahilily. I'la-lieity. Ki/idity, Ten.i. , 

 r.^>itx. AIIIOII^ the latti-i xie li.ne Coliiiir. Al.sorp 

 -er, Truiiopareney. lleliae live and U.-lle.-tive 



! . Melting and Bofling I'oinls. S| ili, Heal. 



l-at<-nt He.it. l', M1 ,|,i,.tiviiv I riiermal and Kh-.-nie i, 

 Thermo elii-trif I'uxxi-r. F.xpansiliility. Spii-ilir In 

 l.irti>e Ca|wily, Maxm-tie IViniealnlilx . ,\e. 

 Even to name all the more imi>rtant would 

 Kreally exco-d our limit*. See nl-o HOLM i IK. 

 Hallrrhorn. called 1,\ the Kn-neh .MONT 



-. and l.x the Italians MoNTK Sll.VHi, a 

 Mak ol the Aljm lietxvern the Sxxiss ran I on of 

 Valat* anil riiilmont. tine* to the altitude of 

 M.TU'i fi-.-t. Tin- actual peak wa lip-' 



I Kranei. Doofba, tin- Hex-, r. Hudson. 

 Hadow, nn. I \Vliym|p<-r. xvith three (;tiide. on 1 III, 

 .Inlx iHlk.'., xxlien tin- Ihn-e lir-t nninisl and one of 

 the iraide* fell over a nrtcinirc and were killi-il. 

 SM Wbjmper, Atcent o/ the MaiUrhorn ( 1880). 



MalllK'W (C,r. Miittliiiin.1, Lat. Matt/urns, from 

 II- Mnttluii, a shortened foini of Mntlitliim, 

 Mnltiil/ii/ii, or Miittittlini, 'gift of Jehovah'), one 

 of the twelve afxislles (Matt. \. :t : Maik, iii. IS; 

 Luke, v. 15; Acts, i. 131, and. according to tradi- 

 tion, the author of the first of the four canonical 

 gos|K-ls, was a publican or tax-gatherer ( Matt, x. 

 3) at Capernaum when called to the apostolate by 

 Jesus, as related in Matt. ix. SI. The clos.-lx 

 parallel passages in Mink (" 14) nd Luke ( v. -J7) 

 mention I,exj in the same connection, and the 

 ial In-lief is that this is simply another name 

 for the same person (compare tno double names 

 Simon and 1'eter, Joses and Barnabas), though 

 the identification has been disputed both in ancient 

 and in modern times by many weighty authoiii 

 among whom mav lie mention d ( digen. (Iroiins, 

 Michaelis, Neamier, Kxxald. Kenss, and Keim. 

 Kxcept in the four lists of the ajiostlos and in 

 Mark, ix. 9, Matthew is nowhere mentioned by- 

 name in the Kexv Testament, and ecclesiastical 

 tradition has little to tell of him. An early 

 authority ( Heracleon, re|>orted by Clement of 

 Alexandria) represents him as having died a 

 natural death; by other x\ liters ho is stated, but 

 x\itb considerable vac-illations, to hax-e written a 

 gospel for the Christians in Palestine after the dis- 

 persion of the a|iostles, and, after having preached 

 the word in 1'arthia and Kthiopia. to have suffered 

 martyrdom. The most important extant state- 

 ment regarding him is that of 1'apias (bishop of 

 Hierapolis in the 2d century), prewrxed by Kuse- 

 bius, to the effect that ' Mattnexv wrote in the 

 Hebrew (Western Aramaic) dialect a collection of 

 the sayings of the Lord, ami each one interpreted 

 them as best he could.' This pas-avjc \\.-is long 

 accepted as conclusive testimony to the truth of 

 the universally current belief that Matthew the 

 apostle was the author of our first canonical gospel 

 (it being tacitly or expressly assumed that at some 

 later date an authentic (ircck translation had been 

 made by himself from the Aramaic original vouched 

 for by Papias). Modern criticism of the gospels 

 (see GOSPELS) has led to the general adoption of 

 another viexv of the passage, according to xxhich it 

 refers to the ' login ' document, or collection of dis. 

 courses and sayings of Jesus, written in Aramaic 

 by Nlatthexv, xxhich is now believed to have lieeu 

 one of the most important xxiitten source* used by 

 the authors of the existing first and third gos|n-ls. 

 In this sense, and also as haxing been prepared 

 primarily with a viexv to the needs of Jewish 

 Christians, the first gos|>el is correctly described as 

 the 'gos|H'l according to Mattbcxv.' Hut that this 

 gosjicl cannot be of directly apostolic origin, or the 

 work of an actual companion of Jesus, is shoxvn by 

 the artificiality of its arrangement, the vaguen. 

 its references, and iu obvious dependence on pie 

 xious authorities. As to the date of its coni|Nisi- 

 tion critics are not agreed xvhether it ought to lie 

 [placed liefore or after the year 70 A.D., some seeing 

 in the iMKik numerous references to Jerusalem and 

 the temple, and its institutions as still subsisting, 

 while others interpret such a passage a- Matt. 

 xxii. 7 a-s certainly showing that the destruction of 

 the city had already taken place. The first gospel is 



much i e largely quoted than any other by early 



Christian writers, and in view of the fact 'that it 

 successfully aimed at a reconciliation betxvecn a 

 Jexxish and a cosmopolitan conception of Christ an 

 'legal, yet aliove the laxv, as Jexxish, yet aliove 

 Judaism.' it bos lieen characterised by Kenan as 

 'the most important book ever written." For 

 literature, see Cnsi-KLS. 



Matthew of Westminster, long supposed 

 to be the author of the meritorious h'lorcs Hit- 

 toriarum. Sir F. Madden considered bis existence 

 ai more than doubtful, the work being merely a 



