MAURICE 



MAURITIUS 



9? 



the Remonstrants or Arminians, who found their 

 chief supporters in aristocratic republicans like 

 Olden Barneveldt (q.v. ; see also ARMINIUS). 

 The former emerged victors from the struggle, 

 and Maurice at once ( 1621 ) renewed the war with 

 Spain. He died, unmarried, at The Hague, 23d 

 April 1625. See Groen van Prinsterer, Maurice et 

 Barneveldt (Utrecht, 1875). 



Maurice, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON, one of 

 the most influential thinkers and social reformers 

 of his age, was the son of a Unitarian minister, 

 and was horn at Normanston, near Lowestoft, 

 29th August 1805. In 1814 the family removed 

 to Frenchay, near Bristol; and in 1823 he went 

 up to Trinity College, Cambridge, thence migrat- 

 ing to Trinity Hall. His reputation at the uni- 

 versity for scholarship stood high, but, being at 

 this time a dissenter, he left Cambridge in 1827 

 without taking a degree, and commenced a literary 

 career in London. He wrote a novel, Eustace 

 Conway, and for a time edited the Athenceum, then 

 recently started. His spirit had. however, been 

 profoundly stirred and influenced by Coleridge, and 

 tie resolved to take orders in the Church of Eng- 

 land. He proceeded to Oxford, where he took tin 1 

 degree of M.A., and was ordained a priest in 1834. 

 He became chaplain to Guv's Hospital in 1837; 

 in 1840 professor of Literature at King's College, 

 London, where he was professor of Theology from 

 1846 till 18.>3. In 1846 he was appointed cliaplain 

 of Lincoln's Inn, and left Guys Hospital. He 

 continued chaplain of Lincoln's Inn until I860, 

 when he accepted the inciimliency of Vere Street 

 Chapel, which he held until his election as pro- 

 fessor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge in 1866. 

 He died iu London on 1-t April 1872, and was 

 buried at Highgate. The publication in 1853-of 

 his Thtologieal Essays, in which he dealt with the 

 difficulties which hinder the acceptance of faith in 

 Christ, lost him the professorship of Theology in 

 King's College. The controversy turned on the 

 doctrines of the atonement ami eternal life. The 

 atonement he declared to lie not a terrible necessity 

 but a glorious gospel, not of pardon for sin but 

 deliverance from sin (see ATONEMENT); while 

 Christ's definition of life eternal lie maintained 

 was opposed to the popular doctrine, which lie 

 regarded as a mixture of paganism and Christian- 

 ity. The views set forth in this and other works 

 were mainly these : that Christ was not the founder 

 of 'a religion,' but king of all men, ruling now 

 where he least seems to rule ; that Christ's church 

 does not consist of a few privileged persons, but is 

 the body which represents ' the marriage of the 

 Lamb,' that marriage being the incarnation, or 

 uniting of the Godhead with manhood ; that the 

 'fall of Adam' is not the centre of theology, 

 but an incident in the early education of the 

 race, important only as representing the weakness 

 of man apart from Christ, in whom he lives and 

 moves and has his lieing ; that the curse of Adam 

 was the condemnation of the false position of the 

 man apart from <!od, resting on liis own strength : 

 that Christ came preaching ' the kingdom of 

 heaven,' that is, the actual reign of righteousness 

 in the world, the revelation of which is not con- 

 tained in a closed book, but is always going on, and 

 looks not backward to the restoration of an Eden 

 of tropical fruits and easy culture, but forward to 

 thf cultivation by work and rest of all man's 

 faculties unto the measure of the stature of the 

 fullness of Christ ; that faitli consists in trust in 

 this King of men, and lielief in the power of right 

 and the impotence, despite its seeming strength, of 

 evil, not in the acceptance of formula : that creeds, 

 the Bible, the church, are valuable just in so far as 

 they set forth Christ the King as the object of the 

 faith of man : as substitutes for that faith they 

 319 



are only mischievous. His principal books are his 

 Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, Religions of 

 the World, Prophets and Kings of the Old Testa- 

 ment, Patriarchs and Lawgivers of the Old Testa- 

 ment, The Kingdom of Christ, The Doctrine of 

 Sacrifice, Theological Essays, Lectures on the 

 Ecclesiastical History of the First and Second Cen- 

 turies, Gospel of St John, The Conscience, and 

 Social Morality. Maurice strenuously controverted 

 Mansel's views on our knowledge of God, and 

 denounced as false any political economy founded 

 on selfishness and not on the Cross as the ruling 

 power of the universe. He was the mainspring of 

 the movement known as Christian Socialism, and 

 the president of the society for promoting working- 

 men s associations ; and was also the founder and 

 first principal of the Working-man's College, and 

 the founder and the guiding spirit of the Queen's 

 College for Women, in both of which he taught. 

 He vehemently repudiated the position of a party- 

 leader, and his influence consequently extended 

 throughout all parties in the church. He 

 denounced the whole party-system as tending to 

 divide Christ's body, noth in church and state. 

 See the Life of F. D. Alaurirc, based mainly on 

 liis own letters, by his son, Colonel Maurice (2 

 vols. 1884). 



Maurice of Saxony. See CHARLES V. 



Mauricr. See Du MAURIER. 



Maurists, a reformed congregation of Benedic- 

 tines, originally established in Lorraine, but from 

 1618 onwards named after the 6th-century St Maur, 

 and established at the abbey of St Maur-sur-Loire, 

 14 miles NW. of Sauniur. Originally noted for 

 their austerity, they were afterwards especially 

 known for their services to learning. The head- 

 quarters of the order was subsequently in three 

 bouses near Paris, especially St Germain-des-Pres. 

 The congregation was dissolved with other mon- 

 astic orders in 1792, and the splendid conventual 

 buildings at St Maur destroyed during the revolu- 

 tionary troubles. Amongst the learned fathers of 

 St Maur were such scholars as Mabillon, Mont- 

 faucon, D'Achery, Martene, Rivet, Tassisi, Bouquet, 

 Rninart, Lami ; and amongst the works published, 

 besides admirable editions of the fathers, the Art 

 lie Verifier les Dates (1787), a new edition of 

 Ducange's Glossarium, De Re Diplomatica, Acta 

 Sanctorum S. Benedicts (9 vols. 1702), Annales 

 Ordinis S. Benedicti (6 vols. 1739), Gallia Chris- 

 tiana, Veterum Scriptornm Amplissima Collectio, 

 Histoire LMeraire de France, &c. 



Mauritania, or MAURETANIA, the latter form 

 that of the coins and inscriptions, was anciently 

 the most north-western part of Africa, correspond- 

 ing to the present Morocco and the western portion 

 of Algiers. It derived its name from its inhabit- 

 ants, the Mauri or Maurusii (see MOORS). It 

 reached on the south to the Atlas Mountains, and 

 was originally separated from Numidia on the east 

 by the river Mulucha, now the Muluya, though at 

 a later date it extended as far east as the Ampsaga. 

 In ancient times it yielded great quantities of corn 

 and valuable timber. See MOROCCO. 



Mauritius, or ISLE OF FRANCE, an island in 

 the Indian Ocean, belonging to Great Britain since 

 1810, and situated 550 miles E. of Madagascar. It 

 is of volcanic origin and elliptical in shape. _A 

 girdle of reefs, broken only by passages opposite 

 the mouths of the small streams, render* it some- 

 what difficult of approach. The contour rises 

 rapidly into a tableland, that shoots up into ridges 

 500 to 2700 feet in height. Of individual peaks, 

 Pouce (2650 feet) resembles the human thumb, 

 Pieter Botte (2676), a sharp cone, supports a gigan- 

 tic crag on its summit, and Riviere Noire (27ll) 

 is the culminating point of the island. Lavas 



