MAURY 



MAXIMILIAN 



99 



dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, he with- 

 drew from public life, and even from France. The 

 pope, admiring his devotion to Louis XVI., sum- 

 moned him to Koine, made him Archbishop of 

 Nicsea in partibtis, then cardinal (1794), and, 

 besides bestowing upon him a valuable living, 

 sent him as his nuncio to witness the coronation 

 of the Emperor Francis II. In spite of his zeal for 

 the Bourbons, Maury made his submission to 

 Napoleon in 1804, anil Napoleon in return appointed 

 him grand almoner to Ins brother Jerome, and in 

 1810 chose him to be Archbishop of Paris. This 

 step cost Maury the favour of the pope ; that of 

 the Bourbons he had of course already lost. He 

 consequently died in disgrace on llth May 1817. 

 Maury wrote Essiii sur CtHoquence de la Chaire 

 (2 vols.^ 1810), 'one of the best books in the lan- 

 guage;' his (Euvres Choisies were published in 

 a vols. in 1827. See Lives by his nephew, L. 8. 

 Maury ( 1827 ), Poujoulat ( 1835'), and Ricard ( 1887 ) ; 

 also Sainte-Beuve, Cauteries de Lundi, vol. iv. 



Maury. MATTHEW FONTAINE, an American 

 naval othcer, astronomer, and hydrographer, was 

 born near Frederieksburg, Virginia, January 14, 

 1806. In 1825 he was appointed midshipman in 

 the United States navy, and during a voyage round 

 the world in the Vincenne* commenced his well- 

 known Saeigation (1834), which was adopted 

 as a text-lxxik in the navy. After thirteen years' 

 service he became lieutenant in 1837, but an acci- 

 dent two years later lamed him for life. He 

 devoted himself to study and the promotion of 

 naval reform, and in 1842 was appointed super- 

 intendent of the Hyilnigraphicnl Office at Wash- 

 ington, and two years later of the observatory. 

 Here he carried out a system of observations on 

 winds and currents, which enabled him to write his 

 Physical Geography of the Sea ( 1856 ), and to pro- 

 duce in 1844 his works on the Gulf Stream, Ocean 

 Currents, and Great Circle Sailing. In 1855 he 

 was promoted to the rank of commander, but 

 resigned his commission on the secession of Vir- 

 ginia, became an officer of the Confederate navy, 

 and as such was sent as commissioner to Europe. 

 After the war he lived some time in Mexico, but 

 finally accepted the chair of Physics in the Vir- 



inia Military Institute at Lexington, where he 

 ieil February 1, 1873. He was a member of the 

 scientific societies of Paris, Berlin, Brussels, St 

 Petersburg, and may be considered almost as the 

 founder of n new and important science. There is 

 a Life by his daughter (New York and Lond. 

 1888). 



Mausoleum, a sepulchral monument of large 

 size, containing a chamber in which urns or coffins 

 are deposited. The name is derived from the tomb 

 erected at Halicarnassus to Mausolus, king of 

 Caria, by his widow, Artemisia, in 353 B.C. It 

 was esteemed one of the seven wonders of the 

 world. Although apparently in good condition 

 as late as the 12th century, it fell into decay 

 (luring the following two centuries. The ruins 

 were ransacked for building materials by the 

 Knight* of St John in the 16th century. The site 

 was rediscovered in 1857 by Newton, who was 

 instrumental in getting the remains carried to the 

 British Musi. inn (<|.v., Vol. II. p. 463). The mauso- 

 leum consisted of a basement 65 feet high, on 

 which stood an Ionic colonnade 23J feet high, sur- 

 mounted by a pyramid, rising in steps to a similar 

 height, and on the apex of that stood a colossal 

 group, alMHit 14 feet in height, of Mausolus and 

 hi* wife in the quadriga ; these statues are supposed 

 to have lieen the work of the celebrated Sropa*. 

 Later instanof-s of large and magnificent mauso- 

 leum* are Metella's tomb, Hadrian's (Castle of 

 Han Angelo), and that of Augustus at Rome, the 



mausoleum of Frederick- William III. and Queen 

 Louisa at Charlottenburg near Berlin, that of the 

 House of Hanover at Herrenhausen, of the Prince 

 Consort at Frogmore in Windsor Park, of Napoleon 

 III. at Farnborough, and of A. T. Stewart at 

 Garden City (q.v.), in the United States. The 

 neighbourhood of San Francisco is studded with 

 the mausoleums of American millionaires, one 

 instance being the Lick (q.v.) Observatory ; while 

 magnificent structures mark the burial-places of 

 j such prominent men as Lincoln, Grant, and 

 , Garfield. See BURIAL, and other articles referred 

 to there. 



Mauvaises Terres, or BAD LANDS. See 

 DAKOTA (NORTH AND SOUTH), WYOMING. 



Mauve. See DYEING. 



Maw-seed, a name by which poppy-seed is 

 sold as food for cage-birds when moulting. 



Maxim Gun. See MACHINE GUNS. 



Maximilian I., German emperor, the son cf 

 Frederick III., was born at Vienna-Neustadt, 

 22d March 1459. In his nineteenth year he 

 married Mary, the heiress of Charles the Bold, 

 Duke of Burgundy, whereby he acquired Burgundy 

 and Flanders. But this involved him in war with 

 Louis XI. of France, the French kings having for 

 many years had covetous longings towards Flanders. 

 After the early death of his wife ( 1482) Maximilian 

 was forced to give Artois and the duchy of Bur- 

 gundy to Louis. Nevertheless he continued to 

 war against his enemy, in spite of the disaffection 

 of his Flemish subjects. In 1486 he was elected 

 king of the Romans. In 1490 he drove out the 

 Hungarians, who, under Matthias Corvinus had 

 seized (1487) great part of the Austrian territories 

 on the Danube ; and at Villach in 1492 he routed 

 the Turks, who had been raiding in Carinthia, Car- 

 niola, and Styria. Charles VIII. of France having 

 rejected Maximilian's daughter for Anne of Brit- 

 tany, whose great possessions the emperor hoped to 

 secure by marrying Anne himself, war was only 

 averted by Charles ceding to his exasperated rival 

 the county of Artois and Franehe-Comte. On the 

 death of his father in 1493, Maximilian became 

 emperor. He subsequently married Bianca Sfor/a, 

 daughter of the Duke of Milan, and turned his 

 ambition towards Italy. But his schemes failed : 

 after various changes of fortune, and years of war, 

 he was compelled ( 1515 ) to give up Milan to France 

 and Verona to the Venetians. Nor was he more suc- 

 cessful against the Swiss, who in 1499 completely 

 separated^ themselves from the German empire. 

 The hereditary dominions of his house, however, 

 were increased during his reign by several peaceful 

 additions, chief amongst these being Tyrol ; and 

 the marriage of his son Philip with the Infanta 

 Joanna united the houses of Spain and Hapsburg ; 

 whilst the marriage in 1521 of his grandson Ferdi- 

 nand with the daughter of Ladislaus of Hungary 

 and Bohemia, brought both these kingdoms to 

 Austria. Two years after his accession the new 

 emperor put an end to the intestine feuds of his 

 nobles by proclaiming at Worms the Eternal 

 Peace. He also improved the administration of 

 justice by establishing the Imperial Tribunal and 

 the Imperial Aulic Council, and by admirable 

 police regulations. The empire was divided into 

 six (afterwards ten) circles, each ruled by a separ- 

 ate governor. Maximilian greatly encouraged the 

 arts and learning, and especially favoured the 

 universities of Vienna and Ingolstadt, and caused 

 at least two works to be written under his own 

 personal direction, Theuerdank in verse and Weiss- 

 liniiij in prose, of both of which he himself is the 

 hero. He died at Wels, in Upper Austria, 12th 

 January 1519. Besides being excellently schooled 

 in mental and artistic accomplishments, Maxi- 



