100 



MAXIMILIAN 



M \ \\VKI. I. 



milian wa well vented in all Innlily exercises ; 

 and these advantages were further enhanced by a 

 kinglv presence, a chivalrous disposition, and a 

 genial manner, so that he has been called 'the 

 first knight of hia age.' Like Henrv VIII. of 

 I'.i. -Intnl. he Imed to take part in the popular 

 gamt* of archery, &c. See Live* by Klupfel ( lHt>4 ) 

 and riniann ( 1884), and a history of IIK reign by 

 Hegewisch (1782). 



Maximilian. KMI-KROR OP MEXICO. Ferdi- 

 nand Maximilian Joseph. Archduke of Austria, 

 was liorn on July 6, 1832, and was the son of 

 the Archduke Francis-Charles, and the younger 

 brother of Francis-Joseph I. He became an 

 admiral of the Au-tii.ni navy, and in 1857-59 he 

 was popular as governor of the Lonihardo- Venetian 

 territory. In lH6i the Krenoli were induced to 

 interfere in the affair* of Mexico, and in 1H63 

 called together an Assembly of Notables, which 

 olTered the crown of M"\i<-., to Maximilian. After 

 delilN-nitioii he solemnly accepted it; and in June 

 1864 he entered Mexico. For a time all went well ; 

 lull IIP vainly tried to reconeile the Mexican (larties. 

 Juarez (q.v.) again raised the standard of inde- 

 pendence; and MB in after (1866) Louis Napoleon 

 had to contemplate the withdiawal of his troops. In 

 vain the Empress ( 'harlotte,a daughter of Leopold I. 

 of Kelvin in. went to Kuro|x> to enlist sup|>ort ton her 

 husluind : her reason gave way under the continued 

 grief and excitement broognl on by disappoint- 

 ment. The French were most anxious that Nlaxi 

 milian should leave with their troops: but he felt 

 iBiiind as 11 man of honour to remain, and share the 

 late tit hi-, followers. At the head of 8000 men 

 he made a hruve defence of IJiicrctaro against a 

 I.ilH-ial army under EscoUslo. In May 1st!" he 

 wax l>ctr.i\ed and 1 1 ied by court-martial, and on 

 June 111 he was shot. His IMK!V was conveyed to 

 Euro|>e in an An-tiian frigate. His death wa- 

 directly due to his own falnl eilict of Octolior 3, 

 1865, that all Mexicans taken in arms against the 

 empire should lie shot without (Hal. Alter the death 

 of Maximilian, hi- writings were published under the 

 title of .1 n\ M' in- /a 1. 1 inn; i . A/ihorit- 



uten, Mnrnirliilili i (7 vids. iHiiTi. See MKXICO. 



Ma\-M(lllrr. FitiKnitim. philologist, was born 

 at Dessau, in the duehv of Anhiilt Dessau, lith 

 Deccmlicr Is-J.'l. Mi- latter, \\ilhelm Muller. di- 

 tinguishcd not only for his worth as a man ami his 

 extensive ami thorough scholarship, but its one of 

 the first tlerman lyiic poct. wits librarian of the 

 ducal library, but died prematurely, October 1827. 



Max Muller received the ele nts of his iilucation 



at Deiwau, and then went to l.eip/ig. where he 

 -in. lied Creek ami Latin under Hermann and 

 Haupt, and tBik hi- decree in IH4:t. He began the 

 tudy of Sanskrit under !'iofe--iu H. lirockhaus, 

 and noon chime it a-* his special pursuit. The Hrat 

 fruits of bin labours appealed in a translation of 

 tin' Ililn jmlfjui ( I.eip. IMl). In 1844 he went to 

 Berlin to study under llopp and Schclling, and 

 eon-nit the Sanskrit MSS. to l>o found there. In 

 Paris, whither he repaired in 1845, he began, at the 

 instigation of Burnoiif, to prepare for an edition 

 of the Uig-Vedii. with the commentary of S.i 

 carya. With this \iew he came to England, June 

 1840, to examine the MSS in the F.a>t India 

 .-. Ixindon. and the Itodlcian Library at 

 Oxford; and. on the rocommcndatioa of I'rofeoMir 

 II II. Wilxm, tin- K;u-t India Ciunpany eoiu- 

 mi-siom-d him (IxlT) to edit the Ki^' Veda at 



tlieil e\|H'!l-e Hilol-. |S|!I 71: Hew e,l. IMHI). In 



1850 Max-Muller WILS ap|Biinted Dcput> Tavhnian 

 profMOf of Minlern IwinguageH at Uxfonl ; in 1K.VI 

 be uncceeded to the professorship; in IHTiS he wa 

 elected a Fellow of All Souls; and in 1866 was 

 made profewtor of Comparative Philology. Max- 



M uller has published treatises on a variety of philo 

 logical tojiics, which have done more than the 

 labours of any other single scholar to awaken in 

 England a ta-te for the science of laiifiuu^e in its 

 moilern sense. Inheriting the poetic iinagination 

 and tire of his father, Max Muller has at command 

 such a felicity of illustration that subjects dry 

 under ordinary treatment Iwcome in his hands 

 attractive. He has publi.-hed a translation into 

 itci man of KalidAsa s MII//KI-I/II/II (1847); The 

 LatiiiuiHjm i'J tin- Si at nf ll'(/;- in tlif Kti*t i I s.."> I i : 

 ('iiiii/iiiriitii'i- Mi/t/i "/</!/( 1856); History nj ^mi^/.i it 

 l.itn-iilitrr (ls."i!li; Lectures on The Science of 

 J.iiiii/iiiiije (1861-63); Lectures on Thr N-/./I.T of 

 Hi-lniinn (1S70). Other works were r '/<// frum a 

 in Wiirl.shop (4 void. !<>>> 75), the Bibbert 



lectures on The Orii/in tnnl <!rmrth nf Hrlniimi 

 (1878), Selected Essays (1881), and BtOffrapkteoi 

 J..**ni/s (1883). A novel written in Ccrnian, 

 Jii'iitxf/if Lirlif, which has gone through many 

 editions, is attributed to him. He edited the im- 

 portant series of The Sacred Books of the Enst. 

 In 1888-92 he deliverer) at Glasgow the i.iili>nl 

 Lectures publUhed as Natural Religion, Pkyxii-nl 

 Keligii'ii, Aiit/irnjHilmji'-nl Religion, Psyclmnl !! 

 lie/ion. He was one of the eight foreign members 

 of the Institute of France ; LL.D. of Cambridge, 

 Edinburgh, and Bologna ; a Commander of the 

 Legion of Honour (1896); and a Member of the 

 I'rivy Council (1896). He died at Oxford, L'stli 

 October 1900. See his A uld Lang Syne ( 1 898-99 ). 

 Maxwell, JAMKS CI.KISK . one of the greatest 



of modern natural philosophers, was the only son 

 of John Clerk-Maxwell of Middlebie. in Duiufiies- 

 shire. and was liorn at Edinburgh, June \'A, Is.'il. 

 He was educated in Ixiyhood at the Edinburgh 

 Academy. His liist published scientilic paper was 

 read for him by Professor Forln>s to the IJoyal 

 Society of Edinburgh before he was fifteen. lie 

 spent three years at the- university of Edinburgh; 

 and during this ix-riod he- wrote two valuable 

 papers, -On the Theory of Kolling < 'lines,' and 

 On the Equilibrium of Elastic Soli, Is.' He went to 

 Cambridge in-lS.")(l, obtained in !H."i4 the iBisition of 

 second wrangler, and was declared ecimil with the 

 senior wrangler in the higher ordeal of the Smith's 

 pri/c. In lS."><i he Ix-camc a jimfi-ssor in Maiischal 

 I'lillege, Alwrdeen, and in I860 in King's College, 

 London. He had been sin-ce i\el\ Scholar and 

 Fellow of Trinity, ami was elected an Ilonotaiy 

 Fellow of Trinity when he linalK became in ls,l 

 profi-ssor of Experimental I'h\sics in the university 

 of Cambridge. He died N'o\ ember .1, IST'.t. 



The great work of his life is his tieatise on Elec- 

 li.nli/ nnil MniiHi-ti*iii i- vols. 1873). His gieat 

 object was to construe! a theory of ehftricity in 

 wliich 'action at a distance' should have no place; 

 and his success wa- truly wonderful. Then- can 

 be little doubt that he succeedi-d in lining the 

 ba-i- ot a physical theory of elect lie and magnetic 



phenomena, i|iiite as securely f ided us is the 



iindulatory theory of light (see Xiiturc, vol. vii. p. 

 478). Another subject to which he devoted much 

 attention was the perception of colour, the thiec 

 itriiniiiy colour sensations, and the cause of coloin 

 blindMM. He was the liist to make colour sensation 

 the subject of actual measurement. He obtained 

 the Adams pri/.e for his splendid discussion of the 

 dynamical conditions of stability of the ring system 

 of Saturn. Hut he was perhaps 1-cst known to the 

 public- by his investigations on the kinetic theoi\ 

 of gases.' His Itiadfoid Discourse on Molecules' 

 lassie in science. Besides a great number of 

 papeis on various subject-, mathematical, optical, 

 dynamical. In- published an extraordinary text -book 

 of the Thcort/df llml ami an cxreedingh suggcstivr 

 little treatiM.'on Mul/ir innl Mutiun. U 1879 

 he edited, with copious and verj- valuable original 



