MAZARRON 



MAZZINI 



105 



de Bouillon, and was the generous patroness of 

 Lafontaine and oilier men of letters. Her reputa 

 tion was not spotless, but her wit brought her off 

 triumphant from an examination for sorcery liefore 

 the Cnambre Ardente which her sister could no 

 face. Marie Mancini, the least beautiful of tin 

 seven, was beloved by Louis XIV., who would havi 

 married her but for the self-denying opposition o 

 his great minister. She found shelter but not con 

 solation in the arms of Prince Colonna, one of the 

 jealous husbands of old Italian storv. She Hec 

 from his severity to Provence, to Flanders, am 

 to Spain, but was at length secured and sulxluec 

 into submission. 



See the Memoirti of such contemporaries as De Ketz, 

 Madame Motteville, La Rochefoucauld, Turen'ne, Gnuu- 

 mont, and Bazin's Hist, de France tout Lout* XIII. et 

 tout le Card. Mazarin (4 vols. 1846) ; hut especially the 

 following works which have superseded all others: 

 Cheruel's Hitt. de France pendant la MinnrM de Limit 

 XIV. (4 vols. 1879 80), and its sequel, Hi*t. de France 

 tout le itinittere de Cant. Mazarin (2 vol.-. 1881-82), 

 also Cheruel's edition of the Lettret da Card. Mazarin 

 penilunt ton MinM're (4 vols. 1879-87). Other l,oks 



series. The Mazarinades were enumerated by Moreau 

 in his BiUinttraphie dr* Mazannadet (3 volg. 1860-51; 

 containing a list of no fewer than 4082), and collected in 

 Choix de Mazarinadet (2 vols. 1853). 



Mazarron. r A i. MAZARRON, a seaport town 

 >f Spain, 27 miles \VSW. of Cartagena. Pop. 1 1 ,002. 



Mazatlail'. a fortified seaport of Mexico, at 

 the entrance of the river Mazatlan, which falls into 

 the Gulf of California, 230 miles SE. of Sinaloa. 

 It is a well-built and picturesque town, the houses 

 nearly all of one story, and ixwsesses a cathedral, 

 custom-house, barracks, a cotton factory, foundries, 

 &c. The chief ex|K>rtst are gold and silver, archil, 

 anil mother-of-pearl. Pop. (1890) 17,495. 



Ha/.-|>|>a. IVAN STKPHASOVICH, hetman of 

 CM CoMieU, \v;vs horn in 1644, descended of a 

 ]'<>r but noble family of P<lolia. He liecame a 

 page at the court of John Casimir, king of Poland. 

 A Polish nobleman, having similised him in an 

 intrigue with his wife, caused him to lie stripped 

 naked, and hound unon his own horse, lying upon 

 his back, and with his head to its tail, and let the 

 animal loose, leaving Mazeppa to his fate. The 

 horse carried him, senseless from exhaustion, to 

 its native wilds of the Ukraine, according to the 

 ma) account. A more credible story is that his 

 horse carried him through woods and 'thickets and 

 broofbi Mm hack torn and bleeding to his own 

 home. Mazeppa now joined the Cossacks, Iwcame 

 secretary to their hetman, Saraoilovich, and in 1687 

 was elected his successor. He won the confidence 

 of Peter the Great, who loaded him with honours, 

 and made him Prince of the Ukraine ; but, on the 

 curtailment of the freedom of the Cossacks by 

 llussia, Ma/eppa conceived the idea of throwing 

 oil the sovereignty of the czar, and for this purpose 

 entered into negotiations with Charles XII. of 

 Sweden. His treason wax revealed to Peter the 

 ".rent, who long refused to credit it, but after 

 1 ultowa ordered his cfli^v to be hanged upon the 

 ill lows, and his capital, Batiirin, to l>e razed to 

 the ground. MMeppa'i hopes iierished in the 

 of I'ultowa (1709), and he lied with Charles 

 to (tender, where he died miserably the same year, 

 story is the subject of a famous poem by 

 l.vron, of a novel by Bulgarin, and a drama by 

 Uottwbftll, of two paintings by Vemet, and of a 

 masterly historical work by Kostomaroft' ( 1882). 



Mazurka, a lively Polish round dance, the 

 music of which is generally in j time. The peculi- 

 arity of the rhythm, which has a pleasing effect, is 



what characterises the music of the Mazurka. It is 

 danced by four or eight couples, and is much prac- 

 Used in the north of Germany, as well as in Poland, 

 from whose province Masovia it gets its name. 



Ma/./.ara, a walled cathedral city of Sicily, 32 

 miles by rail S. of Trapani, stands in a fine plain 

 on the seashore. Pop. 13,074. 



Ma/./arino. a town of Sicily, 15 miles SE. of 

 Caltanisetta. Pop. 12,964. 



Mazzini, GIUSEPPE (English, JOSEPH), Italian 

 patriot and republican, was born at Genoa, 22d 

 June 1805. A clever, precocious l>oy, he began to 

 study at the university of his native town when 

 only thirteen, and before lie was nineteen was 

 practising as an advocate. In April 1821 his heart 

 was deeply stirred and his imagination fired through 

 seeing refugees from the unsuccessful rising in Pied- 

 mont, and from that moment he conceived the idea 

 of the liberation of his country. At first he assailed 

 the domination of the classical school of literature, 

 and its ' monarchical ' tyranny of rule and prescrip- 

 tion. But the earnestness of l'iis nature soon pushed 

 him on to make ' the first great sacrifice of his life,' 

 by renouncing ' the career of literature for the more 

 direct path of political action.' In 1829 he joined 

 the Carbonari (q.v.). although he mist rusted their 

 amis, their methods, and the character of their 

 organisation. He was betrayed in July 1830 to 

 the Sardinian police, and imprisoned in Savono. 

 In his prison cell he matured those thoughts which 

 became the ruling principles of his life and work, 

 and shortly after his release, early in the follow- 

 iii^' year, organised at Marseilles the Young Italy 

 Association. The first and last duty of its' mem- 

 bers was to labour to create a free, independent, 

 and united nation of Italians. The great mass of 

 the people were to be educated to understand their 

 rights, and taught to obtain them, if need were, 

 through insurrection. But Italy must first be freed 

 from the yoke of the foreigner. Nothing but a 

 republic could serve her political needs in the future. 

 Once Italy were regenerated, she ' was destined to 

 arise the mitiatrix of a new life, and of a new and 

 powerful unity to all the nations of Europe' the 

 selfsame r61e that Heine and Young Germany 

 tussigned to regenerated Germany. The ultimate 

 goal was the governance of the world by the 

 moniL_Jaw__f_Drogre8s, through the effective 

 agencies of association, man with man and nation 

 with nation. 'The labour to lie undertaken was 

 not merely political, but alxjve all a moral work ; 

 not negative, but religious.' It was essentially the 

 practice of a faith, the living of a creed, a religion. 

 It was in this spirit that Mazzini laboured to his 

 life's end unwaveringly, disinterestedly, through 

 the bitterest humiliations of exile, and at the cost 

 of the greatest personal sacrifices. 



Shortly after Charles Alliert ascended the throne 



f Piedmont (April 1831 ) Mazzini addressed to him 



. manly appeal, urging him to put himself at the 



tiead of the struggle for Italian independence, and 



M grant needful concessions to his people's cry for 



iberty. His answer was a sentence of perpetual 



lanisiiment, Metternich having forced the new 



\ing to take a commission in the dragonnades of 



reaction. Further, in August 1832 the French 



luthorities expelled him from the country. But 



le <mtwitted them, and lay hidden at Marseilles. 



From this time he led for more than twenty years 



a life of voluntary imprisonment within tne four 



walls of a little room.' But lip confinement could 



quell his spirit or restrain his activity. Hence- 



orward he was the most untiring political agitator 



n Europe, the man most dreaded by its absolute 



fovernments ; with Lassalle he was one of the most 



:onspicnously successful of the century. He wrote 



ncessantly, in a strain of such fervid eloquence, 



