MEDICINE 



MEDINA 



119 



years, now ca.ne to the front with Bichat ami 

 Broussais the former a great anatomist anil physi- 

 ologist, the latter distinguished in pathology. 

 Pathological anatomy haa contributed much to 

 localise disease, and diagnosis was made still more 

 precise by Corvisart and Piorry in perfecting the 

 'percussion' of Auenbrugger. By Laennec's ad- 

 vance upon this auscultation to wit the move- 

 ments of the lungs and heart are heard through the 

 thoracic walls by the stethoscope. Concurrently 

 rith this ' mediate auscultation, morbid anatomy 

 xmnected the lesions of the intra-thoracic viscera 

 jrith the sounds so transmitted a twin-source of 

 radical knowledge, rich in results on diagnosis and 

 treatment. Bayle, Chomel, Louis, Cruveilhier, 

 and Andral, each in his own way, did memorable 

 work in scientific and practical medicine, founding 

 the great clinical school which, continued under 

 Bretonueau, Rostan, D'Alibert, Rayer, and Trous- 

 seau, made Paris the resort of aspiring young 

 physicians from both hemispheres. In Great 

 Britain medical education was steadily improved 

 bv sounder chemical and physical, as well as 

 Anatomical and physiological knowledge, while 

 the preference of rational observation to theory 

 was admirably illustrated by Willan on the 

 skin. Bright on the kidney, and Addison on the 

 -upra-renal cajwules. The Paris school found 

 Apt pupils in the British Islands the Scottish 

 Forbes ami the Irish Stokes, with the English 

 Hope, Latham, and Watson, doing much to diffuse 

 a sounder diagnosis and treatment of chest diseases; 

 while Scotland, in particular, maintained the tradi- 

 tional celebrity of her clinique by Gregory, Aber- 

 crombie, and Alison in Edinburgh, to whom worthy 

 counterparts were produced in Dublin by Graves, 

 Stokes (already mentioned), and Corrigan. In the 

 northern capital Christison, the Begbies, father 

 and son, Hughes Bennett, and Lay cock upheld the 

 fame of the school, and south of the Tweed Parkes, 

 Murchimn, Hilton Kagge, and Jenner have be- 

 queathed a rich harvest of practical doctrine to their 

 successors. Italy, with Galvaiii. Volta, Nobili, and 

 Matteucci, is the parent of electro-therajieutics ; 

 but it U to Germany that recent medicine owes 

 its greatest and most productive achievements. 

 Vienna, under Van Swieten and Auenbrugger, had 

 already won a European name for clinical research 

 when Skoda enhanced it bv improving on Laennec's 

 discovery, and Rokitannky and, quite recently, 

 Bamberger carried Viennese teaching to the highest 

 pitch of academic efficiency. Koml>erg is another 

 representative name ; but Schrtnlein, by the unani- 

 mous voice of Germany, has placed her in the van 

 of medical progress. Founder of the modern 

 ' natural history school,' his teaching has led m> 

 to bacteriology, which already in the hands of such 

 men as Pasteur and Koch has for cholera, malaria, 

 lupus, and tuberculosis (see TUBERCLE) liecome 

 one of the most powerful instruments of which 

 medicine, in diagnosis ami even in practice, has 

 yet been able to boast. The marvellous advances 

 in cerebral physiology, from Broca to Hitzig and 

 Ferrier, have had great results in practice, surgi 

 cal as well as medical ; and the Americans have 

 lone splendid work, especially in therapeutics. 



Haser' Orumlrint iler Qrtckichte drr ifedicin ( Jena, 

 1884) and Pnschmann's Oachiehte del mtdieinitehrn 

 Untcrriehtt (I/eip. 1889) have been clos<-ly followed 

 in the foregoing article. The student who wishes 

 to pursue the history of medicine into minuter detail 

 should consult the larjcr work of Hiiser, in 3 voK 

 <Jena, 1875-79); Daremberg's Hi*tnin' 'leu Science* 

 ]f ./icnlft (2 vol. Paris, 1870); and Puccinnotti's Storia, 

 delta Mtdirina ( 3 voln. Pisa, 1H59 ). Kr a ki-y to the very 

 numerous article* on diseases, ee DISEASE, and the list 

 appended to AXATOMY. See also SrK<;ERT, HYGIENE, 

 BACTERIA, GERM THEORY, and the notices of HIPPO- 

 CRATES, GALEN, and other great physicians. 



Medicayo ), a genus of plants of the 

 natural order Leguminosre, sub-order Papilionacese, 

 nearly allied to Clover (q.v. ), but distinguished 

 from that and kindred genera by the sickle-shaped, 

 or, in most species, spirally -twisted legume. The 

 species, which are very numerous, are mostly 

 annual and perennial herbaceous plants, with leaves 

 of three leaflets like those of clover, and are natives 

 of temperate and warm climates. A number of 

 them are found in Britain, and many more in the 

 south of Europe. They generally afford good green 

 food for cattle, and some of them are cultivated 

 like the clovers for this use, amongst which the 

 most important is the Purple Mediek, or Lucerne 

 (q.v., M. sativa). Besides this, the Black Mediek, 

 Nonsuch, or Lupuline (M. luniilina), is one of the 

 most generally cultivated. It is a common native 

 of Britain, where it is very generally sown mixed 

 with Red Clover and Rye-grass, and is useful where 

 a close turf is desired. 



llrili n.-i. EL- (Arabic for 'The City'), or, 

 more fully, Medinat en-Nebi ('City of the Pro- 

 phet ' ), or Medinat Rasiili-elah ( ' City of the 

 Apostle of God'), because it was there that 

 Mohammed took refuge after his Hegira or Flight 

 from Mecca in 622, and there that he lived till 

 his death. Formerly called Yathzib, and mentioned 

 by Ptolemy as lathrippa, the holiest city of the 

 Mohammedan world after Mecca, and the second 

 capital of the Hediaz in western Arabia, it is situ- 

 ated about 270 miles N. of Mecca, and 132 N. by 

 E. of the port of Yanbu' on the Red Sea, and con- 

 tains about 16,000 inhabitants (Burton), chiefly 

 engaged in agriculture. It consists of three prin- 

 cipal parts a town, a fort, and suburbs of about 

 the same extent as the town itself, from which 

 they are separated by a wide space (the Munakha). 

 It is about half the size of Mecca, and forms an 

 irregular oval within a walled enclosure, 35 to 40 

 feet high, flanked by thirty towers, and enclosing 

 the castle where the Turkish garrison is lodged 

 a fortification which renders it the chief stronghold 

 of the Hedjaz. Two of its four gates are massive 

 buildings with double towers. The streets are 

 narrow but partly paved. The houses are flat- 

 roofed and double-storied, and are built of stone, 

 brick, and palm-wood. The principal building is 

 the Prophet's Mosque El-Haram ('the Sacred"), 

 supposed to be erected on the spot where Moham- 

 med died, and to enclose his tomb. It is of smaller 

 dimensions than that of Mecca, being a parallel- 

 ogram, 420 feet long and 340 feet broad, with a 

 spacious central area, surrounded by a peristyle 

 with numerous rows of pillars. The present build- 

 ing is, however, only the last of many reconstruc- 

 tions, of which the best was that of Kait Bey, the 

 Mameluke sultan, in 1481, whose dome and pulpit 

 still stand. The Mausoleum, or Hnjrah, is an 

 irregular doorless chamber, 50 to 55 feet in extent, 

 situated in the south-east corner of the building. 

 It is surmounted by a large gilt crescent above the 

 'Green Dome,' springing from a series of globes, 

 and hedged in with a closely-latticed brass railing, 

 in which are small apertures for prayer. The in- 

 terior is hung with costly curtains embroidered 

 with large gold letters, stating that behind them 

 lie the bodies of the Prophet of God and of the 

 first two califs which curtains, changed whenever 

 worn out, or when a new sultan ascends the throne, 

 cover a square edifice of black marble, in the midst 

 of which is Mohammed's tomb. Its exact place is 

 indicated by a long pearly rosary- still seen in 1855 

 suspended from the curtain. The Prophet'* body 

 is believed to lie undecayed at full length on the 

 right side, with the right palm supporting the right 

 cheek, the face directed toward* Mecca. Close 

 behind him is placed, in the same position, Abu- 

 liekr, and behind him Omar ; and Fatimeh's house 



